法官自由裁量权及其限制

Judicial Discretion and the Limits of It

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归属学者:

庄晓华

作者:

庄晓华

导师:

文正邦

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

哈特与德沃金之争;法官自由裁量权;疑难案件;法律解释方法;价值相对主义;法律论证方法

摘要:

本文选择了法律方法的独特视角对法官自由裁量权及其限制进行分析研究。法官自由裁量权目前在国内外都是一个热点理论问题,是由法理学对法律确定性价值的关注所引发的。对该问题的回答,意味着对科学与伦理、事实与价值、实证与唯理的表态,意味着对何为法律、法律的效力依据以及认识与研究法律的方法论的关注,而这些问题,是法理学领域的经典问题。因此,法官自由裁量权研究绝不仅仅只具有实践意义,也蕴涵着丰富的理论价值。 本文除了引论和结束语,文章主体部分由四章构成。 引论在本文中起到的是引出问题和揭示探讨该问题之宏观理论背景的作用。在引论部分,首先通过一起著名案件,指出法律适用的现实必然导致对法官自由裁量权的探讨:法官是否享有自由裁量权?其正当性依据是什么?法官自由裁量权与法律的确定性存在一种什么样的紧张关系?法官自由裁量权是一个随着法治理论提出以来就一直困扰着人们的古老难题,引论随后即以自亚里士多德以来的“衡平”理论和实践为线索,对法官自由裁量权理论进行了历史溯源。19世纪以来,围绕法官自由裁量权与法律的确定性之间的紧张关系,形成了法官无自由裁量权、部分享有自由裁量权和不受任何限制的法官恣意三类观点,陷入了旷日持久的争论之中。本文对法官自由裁量权的探讨就是在这样的大背景中进行的,力图基于法律方法的独特研究视角,在对法官自由裁量权进行深入和清晰的理论认识之基础上,对法官自由裁量权的发生场景、成因和限制作出独特的回答。 第一章首先通过清理和比较不同的中外学者对法官自由裁量权所赋予的不同含义,指出他们之间的主要分歧和就此所引发的疑问:法官自由裁量权是造法权还是选择权?法官自由裁量权的行使有无限制?限制法官自由裁量权的标准是合理还是合法?文章随后以哈特和德沃金之争为线索,对法官自由裁量权的争执焦点进行了剖析。为了阐述和解析哈特与德沃金之争,首先围绕法官自由裁量权,对哈特和德沃金的相关理论进行了较为系统的梳理,涉及他们各自对疑难案件、法官自由裁量权的界定,他们各自的法律本体理论等相关内容。在对两位学者的理论进行梳理的基础上,将两人的争执划分为性质相异的两类:真实的冲突和伪冲突。两位学者间真实的冲突是关于法律本体问题的,在这一真实冲突导致的二人言说的不同语境下,围绕法官自由裁量权的冲突严格说来应该是一个虚假冲突。两人关于法官自由裁量权的争论,其实质就是法律命题有无唯一正确答案的争论,争论发生的根本原因,在于两者研究视角与方法的差异:德沃金是站在他所谓的竞争着的答案的“参与者”的角度,而哈特则站在中立的“观察者”的立场上。最终,德沃金的法律命题有唯一正确答案的结论并没有能够说服众人,而哈特借助现代语言哲学的研究结果成功地证成了法官自由裁量权的存在:法官自由裁量权是由法律规范的开放结构所必然引发的一种特殊权力。 第二章在第一章所奠定的基础上,深入、细致地解析法官自由裁量权,以为下两章打下法官自由裁量权的本体理论基础。为了回答法官自由裁量权的性质(造法权还是选择权),需要先进行法律本体论立场的表态。由于分析实证主义的法律本体立场有助于区分法定价值与法官带有主观因素的价值选择,有助于维护法律的确定性,有助于疑难案件中分歧着的价值准则间的平等论辩,所以本文的法律本体立场是分析实证主义的一一法律是指能够通过某种准则被识别出来的特殊规范。在这样的法律本体论立场下,本文认为法官自由裁量权指法官面对疑难案件时,在多种可能的备选答案中进行的,以价值评价为核心的合法并合理选择的权力。首先,法官自由裁量权在性质上既是选择权,又是造法权;其次,法官自由裁量权既要受合法性限制,又要受合理性限制。文章并通过分析和实例说明,合法性与合理性的限制都无法根本消除法官在疑难案件中的价值评价,法官自由裁量权的实质,就是其在疑难案件中进行的,在一定条件限制下的价值衡量和选择。在此基础上,本章最后对法官自由裁量权的发生场景进行了合理的分类和细致的描述。 第三章以司法逻辑和法律方法为分析线索,对法官自由裁量权的成因进行探讨。由于法官自由裁量权总是与疑难案件联系在一起,因此本章就从疑难案件和简单案件的区分说起。简单案件与疑难案件的区分是英美法系的产物,要把它们作为一般理论建构的基础性概念,需要对其去语境化。本文通过对两大法系司法逻辑的研究,认定演绎推理同为两大法系主要的法律适用推理逻辑,因此,借助麦考密克的一次证明和二次证明理论,以作为演绎推理逻辑大前提的法律规范适用于待决案件是否存有争议为判断标准,两大法系都可以将提交到法院的案件区分为简单案件与疑难案件:在简单案件中,法官对作为演绎推理逻辑大前提的法律规范无争议,案件判决结果的有效性只需建立在逻辑演绎的证立上;疑难案件是指在法律适用的演绎推理过程中,对作为逻辑大前提的法律规范存在争议或根本就没有法律规范存在,需要法官根据自己的价值评判创设新规则。简单案件与疑难案件的区分显示,法官自由裁量权是只在疑难案件的审理中运用的特殊权力。第一章已经根据语言哲学的研究成果说明了疑难案件产生的原因,这也是法官自由裁量权存在的原因:语言指引的有限性,而法律解释学对法律解释方法的研究,其初衷就是试图获得解释语言的方法和规则,以消除语言的指引不明,限制甚至消灭法官自由裁量权。但是,我们通过对法律解释方法的性质和种类的分析,发现法律解释学的研究结果在一定程度上背离了其初衷,起到的是对法官自由裁量权的进一步证成作用。先例识别技术的研究是判例法为限制法官自由裁量权,维护普通法的确定性而引发的,但是,本文通过对普通法中处理政教分离案件的权威性先例识别技术——莱蒙检验规则一一的实例分析,可以认定先例识别技术和遵循先例原则并不能从根本上解决疑难案件中法官自由裁量权的运用及其限度的难题。 第四章聚焦于法官自由裁量权的限制研究。在第二、三章对法官自由裁量权本质一一法官在疑难案件中的有条件价值评价——揭示和证成的基础上,要评判法官自由裁量权行使的正确与否,必然涉及对法官价值判断和选择之正确性的思考。本文以法律论证方法作为限制法官自由裁量权研究的视角,这一视角选择的理论基础是价值相对主义及其二元方法论。在完成了本章所选视角的理论证成以后,分别从实体法律论证方法和程序法律论证方法两个方面对法官自由裁量权的限制进行了探讨。在实体法律论证限制方面,主要以麦考密克的法律论证理论与方法为线索,而程序性法律论证限制则选择了阿列克西的理论与方法。同时,本章并从限制法官自由裁量权的目的出发,分别对上述法律论证限制路径进行了反思:其价值在于可以摒弃主体价值判断的主观随意性,增强合理性;而其局限在于它们仍然不能为疑难案件提供唯一正确答案。 文章最后一部分是结束语。尽管本文属于一般理论研究,但是本论文选题的问题意识却源自中国大陆的司法裁判现状。因此,在结束语部分运用本文研究获得的一般理论对中国问题进行了简要的讨论,力图为中国法官自由裁量权研究创设一定的理论基础。本部分以阐述和分析中国当下矛盾的司法现状——法官机械司法与滥用自由裁量权现象并存——为切入点,在此基础上,分析了中国学术界针对法官自由裁量权出现的两种截然相反的观点:一种认为,受现行相关制度的制约,中国法官没有或几乎没有自由裁量权;另一种观点则认为中国法官不仅享有自由裁量权,而且还滥用自由裁量权。通过运用一般理论的分析,本文得出结论:首先,中国法官必然也必须享有自由裁量权;其次,中国法官的确存在滥用自由裁量权的现象。针对上述情况,运用一般理论的指导,结语最后指出:提高法官素质是中国法官正确行使自由裁量权最根本的出路,而法官高素质的养成,要依赖于以司法独立为目标的司法体制改革以及相关的政治体制改革。

学科:

诉讼法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

庄晓华. 法官自由裁量权及其限制[D]. 西南政法大学,2009.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 法官自由裁量权及其限制
  • dc.title
  • Judicial Discretion and the Limits of It
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 庄晓华
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2009
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 文正邦
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 哈特与德沃金之争;;法官自由裁量权;;疑难案件;;法律解释方法;;价值相对主义;;法律论证方法
  • dc.subject
  • debate between Hart & Dworkin;; the power of judicial discretion;; hard cases;; legal interpretation;; relativism of values;; legal reasoning method
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 本文选择了法律方法的独特视角对法官自由裁量权及其限制进行分析研究。法官自由裁量权目前在国内外都是一个热点理论问题,是由法理学对法律确定性价值的关注所引发的。对该问题的回答,意味着对科学与伦理、事实与价值、实证与唯理的表态,意味着对何为法律、法律的效力依据以及认识与研究法律的方法论的关注,而这些问题,是法理学领域的经典问题。因此,法官自由裁量权研究绝不仅仅只具有实践意义,也蕴涵着丰富的理论价值。 本文除了引论和结束语,文章主体部分由四章构成。 引论在本文中起到的是引出问题和揭示探讨该问题之宏观理论背景的作用。在引论部分,首先通过一起著名案件,指出法律适用的现实必然导致对法官自由裁量权的探讨:法官是否享有自由裁量权?其正当性依据是什么?法官自由裁量权与法律的确定性存在一种什么样的紧张关系?法官自由裁量权是一个随着法治理论提出以来就一直困扰着人们的古老难题,引论随后即以自亚里士多德以来的“衡平”理论和实践为线索,对法官自由裁量权理论进行了历史溯源。19世纪以来,围绕法官自由裁量权与法律的确定性之间的紧张关系,形成了法官无自由裁量权、部分享有自由裁量权和不受任何限制的法官恣意三类观点,陷入了旷日持久的争论之中。本文对法官自由裁量权的探讨就是在这样的大背景中进行的,力图基于法律方法的独特研究视角,在对法官自由裁量权进行深入和清晰的理论认识之基础上,对法官自由裁量权的发生场景、成因和限制作出独特的回答。 第一章首先通过清理和比较不同的中外学者对法官自由裁量权所赋予的不同含义,指出他们之间的主要分歧和就此所引发的疑问:法官自由裁量权是造法权还是选择权?法官自由裁量权的行使有无限制?限制法官自由裁量权的标准是合理还是合法?文章随后以哈特和德沃金之争为线索,对法官自由裁量权的争执焦点进行了剖析。为了阐述和解析哈特与德沃金之争,首先围绕法官自由裁量权,对哈特和德沃金的相关理论进行了较为系统的梳理,涉及他们各自对疑难案件、法官自由裁量权的界定,他们各自的法律本体理论等相关内容。在对两位学者的理论进行梳理的基础上,将两人的争执划分为性质相异的两类:真实的冲突和伪冲突。两位学者间真实的冲突是关于法律本体问题的,在这一真实冲突导致的二人言说的不同语境下,围绕法官自由裁量权的冲突严格说来应该是一个虚假冲突。两人关于法官自由裁量权的争论,其实质就是法律命题有无唯一正确答案的争论,争论发生的根本原因,在于两者研究视角与方法的差异:德沃金是站在他所谓的竞争着的答案的“参与者”的角度,而哈特则站在中立的“观察者”的立场上。最终,德沃金的法律命题有唯一正确答案的结论并没有能够说服众人,而哈特借助现代语言哲学的研究结果成功地证成了法官自由裁量权的存在:法官自由裁量权是由法律规范的开放结构所必然引发的一种特殊权力。 第二章在第一章所奠定的基础上,深入、细致地解析法官自由裁量权,以为下两章打下法官自由裁量权的本体理论基础。为了回答法官自由裁量权的性质(造法权还是选择权),需要先进行法律本体论立场的表态。由于分析实证主义的法律本体立场有助于区分法定价值与法官带有主观因素的价值选择,有助于维护法律的确定性,有助于疑难案件中分歧着的价值准则间的平等论辩,所以本文的法律本体立场是分析实证主义的一一法律是指能够通过某种准则被识别出来的特殊规范。在这样的法律本体论立场下,本文认为法官自由裁量权指法官面对疑难案件时,在多种可能的备选答案中进行的,以价值评价为核心的合法并合理选择的权力。首先,法官自由裁量权在性质上既是选择权,又是造法权;其次,法官自由裁量权既要受合法性限制,又要受合理性限制。文章并通过分析和实例说明,合法性与合理性的限制都无法根本消除法官在疑难案件中的价值评价,法官自由裁量权的实质,就是其在疑难案件中进行的,在一定条件限制下的价值衡量和选择。在此基础上,本章最后对法官自由裁量权的发生场景进行了合理的分类和细致的描述。 第三章以司法逻辑和法律方法为分析线索,对法官自由裁量权的成因进行探讨。由于法官自由裁量权总是与疑难案件联系在一起,因此本章就从疑难案件和简单案件的区分说起。简单案件与疑难案件的区分是英美法系的产物,要把它们作为一般理论建构的基础性概念,需要对其去语境化。本文通过对两大法系司法逻辑的研究,认定演绎推理同为两大法系主要的法律适用推理逻辑,因此,借助麦考密克的一次证明和二次证明理论,以作为演绎推理逻辑大前提的法律规范适用于待决案件是否存有争议为判断标准,两大法系都可以将提交到法院的案件区分为简单案件与疑难案件:在简单案件中,法官对作为演绎推理逻辑大前提的法律规范无争议,案件判决结果的有效性只需建立在逻辑演绎的证立上;疑难案件是指在法律适用的演绎推理过程中,对作为逻辑大前提的法律规范存在争议或根本就没有法律规范存在,需要法官根据自己的价值评判创设新规则。简单案件与疑难案件的区分显示,法官自由裁量权是只在疑难案件的审理中运用的特殊权力。第一章已经根据语言哲学的研究成果说明了疑难案件产生的原因,这也是法官自由裁量权存在的原因:语言指引的有限性,而法律解释学对法律解释方法的研究,其初衷就是试图获得解释语言的方法和规则,以消除语言的指引不明,限制甚至消灭法官自由裁量权。但是,我们通过对法律解释方法的性质和种类的分析,发现法律解释学的研究结果在一定程度上背离了其初衷,起到的是对法官自由裁量权的进一步证成作用。先例识别技术的研究是判例法为限制法官自由裁量权,维护普通法的确定性而引发的,但是,本文通过对普通法中处理政教分离案件的权威性先例识别技术——莱蒙检验规则一一的实例分析,可以认定先例识别技术和遵循先例原则并不能从根本上解决疑难案件中法官自由裁量权的运用及其限度的难题。 第四章聚焦于法官自由裁量权的限制研究。在第二、三章对法官自由裁量权本质一一法官在疑难案件中的有条件价值评价——揭示和证成的基础上,要评判法官自由裁量权行使的正确与否,必然涉及对法官价值判断和选择之正确性的思考。本文以法律论证方法作为限制法官自由裁量权研究的视角,这一视角选择的理论基础是价值相对主义及其二元方法论。在完成了本章所选视角的理论证成以后,分别从实体法律论证方法和程序法律论证方法两个方面对法官自由裁量权的限制进行了探讨。在实体法律论证限制方面,主要以麦考密克的法律论证理论与方法为线索,而程序性法律论证限制则选择了阿列克西的理论与方法。同时,本章并从限制法官自由裁量权的目的出发,分别对上述法律论证限制路径进行了反思:其价值在于可以摒弃主体价值判断的主观随意性,增强合理性;而其局限在于它们仍然不能为疑难案件提供唯一正确答案。 文章最后一部分是结束语。尽管本文属于一般理论研究,但是本论文选题的问题意识却源自中国大陆的司法裁判现状。因此,在结束语部分运用本文研究获得的一般理论对中国问题进行了简要的讨论,力图为中国法官自由裁量权研究创设一定的理论基础。本部分以阐述和分析中国当下矛盾的司法现状——法官机械司法与滥用自由裁量权现象并存——为切入点,在此基础上,分析了中国学术界针对法官自由裁量权出现的两种截然相反的观点:一种认为,受现行相关制度的制约,中国法官没有或几乎没有自由裁量权;另一种观点则认为中国法官不仅享有自由裁量权,而且还滥用自由裁量权。通过运用一般理论的分析,本文得出结论:首先,中国法官必然也必须享有自由裁量权;其次,中国法官的确存在滥用自由裁量权的现象。针对上述情况,运用一般理论的指导,结语最后指出:提高法官素质是中国法官正确行使自由裁量权最根本的出路,而法官高素质的养成,要依赖于以司法独立为目标的司法体制改革以及相关的政治体制改革。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • This dissertation selects a unique perspective of legal methodology to analyze judges' judicial discretion and its limits.The judicial discretion is a disputed issue in academia in the world nowadays,which is originated from the focus on the value of certainty of law in jurisprudence.The replies to this question reflect the attitudes toward science and ethic,facts and values,positive and rational ones that imply the concerning with the legal methodology, the reasons of legal validity and what is law.All of these questions are the classical issues in jurisprudence.So the judicial discretion not only embodies the practical meaning but also the theoretical one among it. The body-part of this paper is including four chapters except for the introduction and the conclusion. Introduction is aimed to induct the questions and discover the magnificent background behind these questions.In this part,the author takes a well-known case as an example to point out that the necessity of the legal applications surly cause the discussion about the judicial discretion that whether the judges have the right of discretion and what are the valid grounds for the judgment and what is the intensive relation between the two factors above.The judicial discretion would be the endurable puzzle that has been hashed since the appearance of the theory of rule of law.Then the introduction put the "balance" theory of Aristotle as the theoretical and practical clues to make a historical review of the judicial discretion.Since 19th century,there are three standpoints regarding the nervous relations between the judicial discretion and the certainty of laws including the views of non-discretion,part-discretion and free-discretion,which is trapped into the enduring disputes.Thus that is the grand epoch for the researches of judicial discretion in this paper and the author also tries to get a specific reply to the occurrence's situations,reasons and limits based on the unique angle of legal method and the deep and clear theoretical understanding of judicial discretion. Chapter 1 is to point out firstly that the major differences and their disputes between the native and foreign scholars through the classification and comparison around the different concepts of judicial discretion:whether the judicial discretion is the right of legislation or selection and what is the limits concerning the judicial discretion and its standard is valid or not.After these description above the author chooses the key point of the debate between H.L.A Hart and Dworkin to analyze the central issue of judicial discretion.As the purpose of illustration and interpretation for this debate,the author makes a systematic summary for the relevant theories of Hart & Dworkin that is referred to their definitions of judicial discretion and the ontological theory about law and so on at first.On the basis of these classifications, we could put the two kinds of debates into tow qualities as the real and the unreal conflict. The real conflict between the two scholars is the conflict about legal ontology that causes the different contexts in two scholars' theories.Strictly the conflicts or debates around the right of judicial discretion are the unreal conflicts.The debate on the judicial discretion of Hart & Dworkin is the one that whether an unique right answer in the legal thesis and the fundamental reason of the debase is the different perspectives and methods adopted by the two scholars:the later is on the side of the rival "insider" role and the former on the opposite side of the neutral "observer" position.Ultimately Dworkin's theory of "right answer" could not persuade everyone but Hart successfully demonstrates the existence of judicial discretion by the achievements of philosophy of linguistics that the judicial discretion is a special right born in the opening structure of the legal rules. Chapter 2 is to analyze the judicial discretion deeply and profoundly based on the last part for the preparations to the next two parts of the ontological basis.For answering the question of the quality of the judicial discretion(the right of legislation of selection),we should choose a standpoint for the legal ontology.Owing to the positive position that would be helpful to distinguish the legal values and the subjective values of the judges and the protection for the certainty of law and the equal argument for the values in the hard cases,this paper chooses the positive views as the legal ontological standpoints could find out the special rules by some certain standard.Under the context of legal ontology,this paper considers that the judicial discretion is the right to make a valid and rational choice for the core values as the many possible selections in the hard cases.Firstly the character of the judicial discretion is both the right of legislation and selection;secondly the discretion should be limited by the validity and rationale.This paper analyses and demonstrates by the cases that the validity and rationale could never distinguish the values comments for the judges in the hard cases and the quality of the judicial discretion would be the values-selection and balance in the hard cases. On this precondition,this part gives the rational classification and the specific description about the occurrence about the judicial discretion finally. Chapter 3 is to discuss and discover more factors on the shaping of judicial discretion on the basis of Chapter by the two angles which are judicial logic and legal method.As the result of the connection between the judicial discretion and the hard cases,hence in this part the author begins with the division of hard cases and easy cases.This division of two cases is the production of legal family of Britain-America as the basic concept for the construction of the general theory and makes them suited into the contexts.Therefore,this paper chooses the logic studies regarding the two major legal families that are deduction and reasoning as the legal applied logics in the two legal families.Thus through the demonstrated theories of McCormick's the first and second argumentations,we could take the logic of deductions and reasoning as the precondition for the application of legal rules to the suspended cases' standard which could classify the cases into the easy ones and hard ones in both the legal families.As the introduction of the originated reason for the hard cases by the studies of philosophy of linguistics and that is the same reason for the existence of judicial discretion: the limits of the guidance of speeches,thus the legal hermeneutics for the studies on legal interpretation is primary intended to get the rules and methods of linguistic interpretation to extinguish the ambiguous directions in speeches and limit or even eliminate the judicial discretion.However,by the analysis of the types and characters of the methods of legal interpretation,we find out that the academic studies of legal hermeneutics had been gone far away form its origin target but to demonstrate the existence of judicial discretion.The tech for discerning the precedents is a limit for the judicial discretion and the mechanism for the guarantee of the certainty.On the contrary,the author makes the sampling analysis for this tech in the separation of politics and religions in the common law to consider that this tech and the principle of keeping the ratios couldn't solve the problem of the application of judicial discretion and its limits in the hard cases generally. Chapter 4 is to focus on the limited research of judicial discretion.On the ground of the discovery about the values comments by judges in the hard cases which shows that essence of judicial discretion,the author believes that the correction about the application of judicial discretion must be involved with the pondering over the evaluations of judges' values and the correction of choices.As the legal methodological way to limit the judicial discretion as the watching aspect,it would select the relativism of values and duality as its theoretical ground. After the justification of the perspective-choosing,the author respectively explores the limits of judicial discretion form the two levels which are legal positive argument and legal proceeding argument.On the side of the former one,the author chooses the legal reasoning theory and method of McCormick as the clues and on the side of the later,the author chooses the theory of Alex.At the same time this paper staring form the limits of judicial discretion, separately rethinks the paths to legal reasoning limits mentioned above that is the value of these methods and theories is the abandonment of the subjective values judgment and the enhancement of the rationales and its limit is no unique right answer in the hard cases. Conclusion is intended to give a brief summary about the aims and origin question over the issue that is the current judicial situation in Chinese mainland today.Therefore,the general theories above should be reexamined for the Chinese problems briefly in this part and the author tries to establish the basis of the judicial discretion theory for the Chinese judges. The current environments,the rigid application and the abuses of judicial discretion among the Chinese judges would be the keyhole for the further illustration and analysis in the last part.With these arguments,the author comments the two converse directed views about the judicial discretion in Chinese academia which are the following:one is that there is no judicial discretion for Chinese judges bounded by the current judicial system;two is that there is not only judicial discretion in Chinese courts but also the misuses of it.Through the general analysis,the conclusion of this dissertation is including the two points:the first one is that Chinese judges should have the right of judicial discretion in necessary and the second one is that the phenomenon of misuses of judicial discretion indeed exists in Chinese judicial practices.As the outlets above,the correct application of judicial discretion must depend on the enhancement of the qualities of Chinese judges and the cultivation of these qualities should depend on the judicial reforms with the task of the independence of judicial power and the relative political reforms either.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D916.2
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2009-03-31
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2009-06-01
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