公诉转自诉制度研究

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归属院系:

法学院

作者:

郭旭

导师:

龙宗智

导师单位:

西南政法大学

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

公诉;自诉;被害人;起诉权;制约

摘要:

1996年刑事诉讼法修改时,针对司法实践中存在的,在公安机关、检察机关作出不追诉犯罪决定时,被害人告状无门的现象,我国修改后的刑事诉讼法特在自诉案件的类型中新增加了一类,即公诉转自诉案件。并且,在现行刑事诉讼法第145条也明确了被害人在检察机关决定不起诉时,享有可以直接向法院起诉的制度。以上这些法条可以总结为公诉转自诉制度。公诉转自诉制度是我国所特有一种刑事诉讼制度,因此也带来了各种各样的争议,其中有相当部分学者甚至要求废除公诉转自诉而代之以司法审查制度。本文作者从公诉转自诉制度所涉及的基本理论入手,认为公诉转自诉制度在当今中国司法环境下仍有存在的价值和意义,并通过分析公诉转自诉制度在司法实践中产生的弊端以就如何完善公诉转自诉制度提出一系列合理化建议。 全文除引言和结语部分外,正文共分为四个部分。 第一部分中对我国公诉转自诉作出概述性介绍。文章首先根据我国刑事诉讼法的有关规定,对公诉转自诉制度作出如下定义:公诉转自诉制度是指在有被害人的刑事案件中,法律规定本应由国家追诉机关依照刑事诉讼法提起诉讼的刑事案件在被害人不服国家追诉机关处理决定或者国家追诉机关不依法履行职责的情况下,将该类案件的诉追权赋予被害人及其相关利害关系人,以完成刑事诉讼目的的制度。其次,同样依据现行刑事诉讼法规定,笔者认为公诉转自诉制度的适用范围不仅包括刑法第四章和第五章所规定的犯罪,还应包括刑法分则其他章节规定的侵犯公民人身权利、财产权利的案件。并且,其涉及的诉讼阶段包括了侦查阶段和审查起诉阶段。而其适用条件则有两点:一是公安机关或者人民检察院已经作出不予追究被告人刑事责任的书面决定;二是被害人有证据证明被告人侵犯其人身权利、财产权利的行为应当追究刑事责任。再次,根据我国建国以来的刑事诉讼法立法历史,认为我国刑事被害人在刑事诉讼法修改前只享有对不追究犯罪的相关决定进行申诉的权利。而在1996年修改时,为了解决司法实践中大量存在的刑事被害人“告状无门”的问题,设置了公诉转自诉制度。由此,我国刑事被害人在面对不追究犯罪的决定时不仅继续享有申诉权,而且享有了直接起诉的权利。此之为公诉转自诉制度的立法背景和历史发展。最后,由于公诉转自诉制度这一制度涉及到公诉与自诉之间的关系,以及赋予被害人刑事起诉权以制约公诉权的问题,笔者对这两个刑事诉讼理论问题进行了分析。其中,在探讨公诉与自诉的关系时,笔者首先以历史考证的研究方式,由公诉制度的诞生和自诉制度的沿革引出当代社会公诉与自诉关系的状态,在此基础上,笔者得出公诉义务性、自诉权利性的结论。 第二部分是对公诉转自诉制度和域外类似法律制度的比较研究。由于我国法律体制总体上倾向于大陆法系,因此文章比较研究的范围集中于大陆法系的国家,并以德国、法国和日本为例。在设置被害人制约公诉权的制度方面,德国制定了强制起诉程序,法国制定了以民事诉讼发动刑事公诉的制度,日本制定了检察审查会制度和准起诉制度。其中,德国的强制起诉程序规定,在被害人不服检察机关作出的不起诉决定时,可以向法院提起裁判的申请,如申请成立,法院则裁定应当提起公诉。法国的以民事诉讼发动刑事公诉的制度规定,在检察院未提起公诉的情况下,对于轻罪或重罪案件中犯罪行为人不可知的情形,被害人可以通过向刑事法院提起民事诉讼,并由预审法庭制约检察机关在必要时发动公诉,其犯罪追诉权仍由检察机关控制,被害人仅作为民事原告人而存在于诉讼过程中。日本的检察审查会制度规定被害人如对检察官的不起诉决定不服,可向检察审查会提出申请,检察机关对检察审查会的决议必须充分尊重。日本准起诉制度规定对涉嫌滥用职权犯罪进行控告的人,不服检察官不提起公诉的处分时,可以请求该检察官所属检察厅所在地的管辖法院将案件交付法院审判。基于对国外相关法律制度的介绍,笔者认为世界范围内大多数国家都致力于加强被害人权利的保护。虽然这几种制度都在一定程度上违背了严格的诉讼法理,但是总得看来,这些制度都具有极强的现实意义。并且,国外这几种成功的立法例也为我国公诉转自诉制度的完善起到了借鉴作用。 第三部分是关于公诉转自诉制度在实践运行中的情况和其存在的弊病。首先,笔者通过分析两个适用公诉转自诉制度的案例,以实证的方法对公诉转自诉制度进行研究。得出的结论有:公诉转自诉制度的确有其存在的价值;公诉过程中所收集证据依然能够由自诉人在转为自诉程序后作为控方证据使用;刑事被害人的范围不仅仅包括自然人,还包括企事业单位、法人等组织。然后,针对当前公诉转自诉制度所存在的问题,笔者认为其缺陷主要存在于以下五个方面:法条中本身存在的矛盾;被害人举证能力有限并且没有相应配套措施;被害人承担追诉犯罪的义务;该制度适用犯罪过宽;公诉转自诉制度未规定诉讼时效的问题。 最后,文章第四部分是对保留公诉转自诉制度原因的分析,以及对完善公诉转自诉制度所应坚持的理论基点和具体措施的阐述。笔者认为保留公诉转自诉制度的理由有三:公诉转自诉制度是适应我国保护人权的需要的;其缺陷可以在其自身范围得以克服;从立法过程中的经济性看,保留并完善公诉转自诉制度比废除更经济。同时,笔者还认为改革和完善公诉转自诉制度应当以相对合理主义为其理论基点,其具体措施大致包括:应对公诉转自诉制度的适用前提作出限制;健全撤案制度和不起诉制度;增加法院对公诉转自诉案件的庭前审查程序;规定国家追诉机关承担移送材料和协助被害人自诉的义务;补充规定公诉转自诉制度的诉讼时效。

学科:

诉讼法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

郭旭. 公诉转自诉制度研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 公诉转自诉制度研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20051250
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 郭旭
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 龙宗智
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 公诉;;自诉;;被害人;;起诉权;;制约
  • dc.subject
  • public prosecution;; private prosecution;; crime victim;; the right of prosecution;; restrict
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 1996年刑事诉讼法修改时,针对司法实践中存在的,在公安机关、检察机关作出不追诉犯罪决定时,被害人告状无门的现象,我国修改后的刑事诉讼法特在自诉案件的类型中新增加了一类,即公诉转自诉案件。并且,在现行刑事诉讼法第145条也明确了被害人在检察机关决定不起诉时,享有可以直接向法院起诉的制度。以上这些法条可以总结为公诉转自诉制度。公诉转自诉制度是我国所特有一种刑事诉讼制度,因此也带来了各种各样的争议,其中有相当部分学者甚至要求废除公诉转自诉而代之以司法审查制度。本文作者从公诉转自诉制度所涉及的基本理论入手,认为公诉转自诉制度在当今中国司法环境下仍有存在的价值和意义,并通过分析公诉转自诉制度在司法实践中产生的弊端以就如何完善公诉转自诉制度提出一系列合理化建议。 全文除引言和结语部分外,正文共分为四个部分。 第一部分中对我国公诉转自诉作出概述性介绍。文章首先根据我国刑事诉讼法的有关规定,对公诉转自诉制度作出如下定义:公诉转自诉制度是指在有被害人的刑事案件中,法律规定本应由国家追诉机关依照刑事诉讼法提起诉讼的刑事案件在被害人不服国家追诉机关处理决定或者国家追诉机关不依法履行职责的情况下,将该类案件的诉追权赋予被害人及其相关利害关系人,以完成刑事诉讼目的的制度。其次,同样依据现行刑事诉讼法规定,笔者认为公诉转自诉制度的适用范围不仅包括刑法第四章和第五章所规定的犯罪,还应包括刑法分则其他章节规定的侵犯公民人身权利、财产权利的案件。并且,其涉及的诉讼阶段包括了侦查阶段和审查起诉阶段。而其适用条件则有两点:一是公安机关或者人民检察院已经作出不予追究被告人刑事责任的书面决定;二是被害人有证据证明被告人侵犯其人身权利、财产权利的行为应当追究刑事责任。再次,根据我国建国以来的刑事诉讼法立法历史,认为我国刑事被害人在刑事诉讼法修改前只享有对不追究犯罪的相关决定进行申诉的权利。而在1996年修改时,为了解决司法实践中大量存在的刑事被害人“告状无门”的问题,设置了公诉转自诉制度。由此,我国刑事被害人在面对不追究犯罪的决定时不仅继续享有申诉权,而且享有了直接起诉的权利。此之为公诉转自诉制度的立法背景和历史发展。最后,由于公诉转自诉制度这一制度涉及到公诉与自诉之间的关系,以及赋予被害人刑事起诉权以制约公诉权的问题,笔者对这两个刑事诉讼理论问题进行了分析。其中,在探讨公诉与自诉的关系时,笔者首先以历史考证的研究方式,由公诉制度的诞生和自诉制度的沿革引出当代社会公诉与自诉关系的状态,在此基础上,笔者得出公诉义务性、自诉权利性的结论。 第二部分是对公诉转自诉制度和域外类似法律制度的比较研究。由于我国法律体制总体上倾向于大陆法系,因此文章比较研究的范围集中于大陆法系的国家,并以德国、法国和日本为例。在设置被害人制约公诉权的制度方面,德国制定了强制起诉程序,法国制定了以民事诉讼发动刑事公诉的制度,日本制定了检察审查会制度和准起诉制度。其中,德国的强制起诉程序规定,在被害人不服检察机关作出的不起诉决定时,可以向法院提起裁判的申请,如申请成立,法院则裁定应当提起公诉。法国的以民事诉讼发动刑事公诉的制度规定,在检察院未提起公诉的情况下,对于轻罪或重罪案件中犯罪行为人不可知的情形,被害人可以通过向刑事法院提起民事诉讼,并由预审法庭制约检察机关在必要时发动公诉,其犯罪追诉权仍由检察机关控制,被害人仅作为民事原告人而存在于诉讼过程中。日本的检察审查会制度规定被害人如对检察官的不起诉决定不服,可向检察审查会提出申请,检察机关对检察审查会的决议必须充分尊重。日本准起诉制度规定对涉嫌滥用职权犯罪进行控告的人,不服检察官不提起公诉的处分时,可以请求该检察官所属检察厅所在地的管辖法院将案件交付法院审判。基于对国外相关法律制度的介绍,笔者认为世界范围内大多数国家都致力于加强被害人权利的保护。虽然这几种制度都在一定程度上违背了严格的诉讼法理,但是总得看来,这些制度都具有极强的现实意义。并且,国外这几种成功的立法例也为我国公诉转自诉制度的完善起到了借鉴作用。 第三部分是关于公诉转自诉制度在实践运行中的情况和其存在的弊病。首先,笔者通过分析两个适用公诉转自诉制度的案例,以实证的方法对公诉转自诉制度进行研究。得出的结论有:公诉转自诉制度的确有其存在的价值;公诉过程中所收集证据依然能够由自诉人在转为自诉程序后作为控方证据使用;刑事被害人的范围不仅仅包括自然人,还包括企事业单位、法人等组织。然后,针对当前公诉转自诉制度所存在的问题,笔者认为其缺陷主要存在于以下五个方面:法条中本身存在的矛盾;被害人举证能力有限并且没有相应配套措施;被害人承担追诉犯罪的义务;该制度适用犯罪过宽;公诉转自诉制度未规定诉讼时效的问题。 最后,文章第四部分是对保留公诉转自诉制度原因的分析,以及对完善公诉转自诉制度所应坚持的理论基点和具体措施的阐述。笔者认为保留公诉转自诉制度的理由有三:公诉转自诉制度是适应我国保护人权的需要的;其缺陷可以在其自身范围得以克服;从立法过程中的经济性看,保留并完善公诉转自诉制度比废除更经济。同时,笔者还认为改革和完善公诉转自诉制度应当以相对合理主义为其理论基点,其具体措施大致包括:应对公诉转自诉制度的适用前提作出限制;健全撤案制度和不起诉制度;增加法院对公诉转自诉案件的庭前审查程序;规定国家追诉机关承担移送材料和协助被害人自诉的义务;补充规定公诉转自诉制度的诉讼时效。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • When the code of criminal procedure modified in 1996, in order to solve the problem of victims being short of the right to protect themselves from suffering the violation of prosecuting attorney not to accuse the suspect of crime, our country constituted "the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution". The system was established only in our country and brought controversy of ever kind. Some scholars even request that the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution should be replaced by the victim's justice administration application system. So, the author of the thesis will start from investigating the basic theory of the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution, and conclude that the system is meaningful for the protection of crime victims. At last, the author will give some advice of perfecting the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution. Full text except the part of introduction and conclusion are outside part of is totally divided into four parts. The first part is about the basic theory of the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution. Firstly, according to the current code of criminal procedure, the author will give a definition on the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution, which is that after the prosecuting attorney refuse to accuse a crime suspect, the victims will get the right of accusing the crime by ways of private prosecution in order to achieve the purpose of criminal procedure. Secondly, according to the current code of criminal procedure, the writer takes the view that the scope of the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution not only include the crime which are ruled in chapter 4 and chapter 5 of crime law, but also should other chapters of crime law which rule the crime of invasion citizen human body and property right. And, the system can be used when the case are both in the investigate stage and sue stage, but there are two condition for applying the system: one is that the prosecuting attorney has refused to accuse the crime in the way of subscribing the document ;the other is that the victim must give the evidence which can proof that the crime has invaded their body and property right .Thirdly, the author will study the history and legislative original idea of the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution. In end, because the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution refers to the relationships between public prosecution and private prosecution and issue of presenting victims with the right of criminal prosecution to restrict prosecuting attorney's power, the author will focus on the two issues and give a detailed analyse. The second part is about comparing the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution with some similar system abroad. For the reason that the law system of our country is more similar as the Continental Law, the article are focusing on the comparison with the system in the countries of Continental Law ,and take Germany, France and Japan as an example. Owing to the introduction of the abroad related law system, the author take the view that in the world, most nations concentrate on strengthening the protection of victim's right. Although these system in some extent carry on the back strict litigation legal theory, it has to been seen that these system get a very strong realistic meaning. And, the abroad successful lawmaking examples give a good lesson to the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution in our country. The third part is concerning the real situation of the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution in practice and about the defect of the system. At first, the author takes two cases of the system for example, by researching in a positivism way, to get conclusion. The conclusion is that: the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution is meaningful; the evidence collected by the prosecuting attorney in public prosecution procedure still can be used by victim in the private prosecution procedure as accusation evidence; the scope crime victim not only includes natural person, but also organizations, such as business unit and legal person...etc.. Then, the writer consider that the defect of the current system public prosecution transferring to private prosecution can be concluded as five reasons: First, the antinomy of the code; Second, the victim's short of ways to collect and offer evidence; Third, the victim undertakes an obligation of pursue for the crime, which is bad for punishing the crime and protection of victims; Fourth, the case which can apply the system is too much that it is bad for realization of the value of procedure efficiency; Fifth, the system and don't rule the problem does not rule the prescription ,which is bad for the protection of both the right of the suspect and victim. End, four-part cent of article is about the reason for reserving the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution, and the foundation and measure of perfecting the system of public prosecution transferring to private prosecution. The author considers that there are there reasons for reservation the system: First, the system is accordant with the protection of human right in our country; Second, the defect of the system can be solved within it; Third, in the scope of the economy in the lawmaking process, reserving is much better than any else. In the meantime, the author also takes a view that the reform of the system should take opposite and reasonable doctrine as its theories, and the concrete measure are following: the case applying of the system should be limited to a smaller scope; perfecting the correlative system, such as withdraw case system; increasing a procedure in which the court will censor the case before holding a court; ruling the prosecuting attorney more obligation; setup the procedure prescription.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D925.2
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-04-01
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