海运船长的准司法权研究

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归属院系:

国际法学院

作者:

魏玉欢

导师:

杨树明

导师单位:

西南政法大学

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

船长;船长准司法权;立法统一化

摘要:

在全球经济一体化和各国贸易紧密联系的今天,海运贸易已成为世界经济往来的重要组成部分。在海上运输中,除了船舶这一重要客体影响着航运实践,船长这一重要航运主体的地位也是举足轻重的。海上运输的特殊性,使海运船长具有多重法律地位。国内外立法与实践多注重对船长在船舶航行与营运方面权力的研究,比如:驾驶和管理船舶、代理、救助、工资请求、医疗费用请求等。这些私权力的行使固然重要,但是,在远离陆地而相对封闭的“小社会”里,陆地上的强制力量鞭长莫及,如何保障这些私法权力的正当行使就成为了首要问题。这时,国家机关的某些行政司法职能就自然地落到了船长的肩上。 船长的准司法权是海运船长公权力的重要组成部分,对其的研究在理论与实践上都具有重大的现实意义。本文就以此为出发点,用比较研究的方法,从立法与实践上分析海运船长的准司法权,以期对海运船长准司法权有更清晰的认识,探寻我国海运船长准司法权立法与国际立法的适恰之路,便于船长在海运实践中正确行使权利、履行义务,促进世界海运业的发展。全文一共分成五个部分。 第一部分通过对船长在海运中历史地位的分析和与相关概念的辨析,对船长的概念进行界定。在久远的时期,船长是一种封号,享有莫大的荣誉,不仅需要直接操作船舶,还对船舶的管理和营运负有直接领导责任。随着科学技术的进步和航海事业的发展,船长的操船技术在船长业务中所占的比例已经越来越小,船长已变成一种技术职称和职务,但其所担负的责任仍然重大。因此,对海运船长概念的准确界定是分析海运船长准司法权的前提。笔者从船长与船员的概念关系入手,分析比较世界立法中“一元制”(船员广义说)和“二元制”(船员狭义说)的相关规定,厘清船长与其他在船人员的区别,得出船长与其他船员应该分别界定的结论。为突出船长在海上运输中的特殊地位和重要作用,着重阐述船长与船舶、引航员、船东、货主和承租人这几个重要的海上运输参与者的关系。 第二部分从世界立法与实践比较分析海运船长的准司法权,研究船长如何正确行使准司法权。首先列举几个典型国家关于海运船长准司法权的立法规定,找出其中的相同与相异之处。在这里,对船长是否允许受理投诉和犯罪的船上人员向船长自首可否构成刑法上的自首与减刑等问题进行了特别探讨,得出船长应被允许受理投诉和犯罪的船上人员向船长自首可以构成刑法上的自首与减刑的结论。其次,关于海运船长的准司法权,世界各国各地区没有统一立法,学理上也未有对其概念的统一界定。从准司法权的本质来看,这是一种保卫船上人员及船货安全的特殊权力,又有学者称之为“警察权”或“保安权”。船长准司法权也极容易与紧急处置权、紧急处分权和公证权混淆,本部分比较分析了船长准司法权与以上五种权力之间的关系。最后,通过对准司法权的法律特征和构成要件的阐述,明确海运船长准司法权的概念与法律性质,提出借鉴“有条件背离规则”的原则,使船长在一定的限制条件下正确行使准司法权,更好地保障在船人员人身、财产权益和船货安全。 第三部分研究我国海运船长准司法权的立法及实践。首先介绍我国海运立法概况。海商法体系庞大,各类法律法规为数不少。尽管对船长的立法众多,但涉及船长准司法权的规定却寥寥无几且不成体系。就我国实际情况而言,船长立法往往仅关注对外国法律和国际公约的借鉴,忽视了其背后的法律价值和移植本土化的环境适应性。我国的立法体系秉承大陆法系的特征,对不同的法律部门制定了相应的法典。但特别法一般都带有重实体轻程序的色彩,这无法适应与实践结合紧密的海事法律的要求。我国现在还不存在完整意义上的船长准司法权制度,没有一部完整的法律法规对船长准司法权进行规定,甚至在各法律条文中也没有用专章或专编的形式进行规范,只是散见于法律条款中,且内容简单,均未对船长准司法权作出界定。其次,通过对具体案例的分析,得出立法者应以“经验”作为有价值的参考,在制订和修改法律时多考虑实践的需要,使法律更具适应性的结论。 第四部分探讨如何从立法上完善我国海运船长的准司法权。首先,从国际国内两方面分析影响船长法律制度完善的因素。其次,归纳出确定船长准司法权的三大原则:单独立法原则;法律适用开放原则;积极参与原则。最后,在廓清总体框架结构,厘清体系内各种制度之间关系的前提下,提出海运船长单独立法的篇章结构建议和船长准司法权立法规定所应涉及的内容,寻求我国立法与国际规则的适恰方式,以更好地促进海运船长立法与实践的统一和国际海上贸易的健康发展。 第五部分展望了海运船长准司法权立法统一化的前景。船长的业务水平和思想素质影响着对国家主权和人身财产的保护程度;影响着航运安全生产和航海活动的实施和完成情况;影响着防止海损事故发生的力度;同时也影响着诸如运输成本高低等重大问题。海事海商立法统一化不仅有利于法治共识的形成,更是构筑良法体系的逻辑前提。为了海事交往的正常进行,海运船长准司法权立法的统一化势在必行。本文的落脚点即是船长准司法权的国际接轨问题。我们应以积极的态度应对立法与实践的不断变化,保持立法前沿性,取消国内船长立法双轨制,适应海运船长准司法权国际变动的步伐。

学科:

国际法学; 经济法学

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

魏玉欢. 海运船长的准司法权研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 海运船长的准司法权研究
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20051374
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 魏玉欢
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 杨树明
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 船长;;船长准司法权;;立法统一化
  • dc.subject
  • Captain;; The Quasi-judicial Power of the Captain;; Legislation combination
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 在全球经济一体化和各国贸易紧密联系的今天,海运贸易已成为世界经济往来的重要组成部分。在海上运输中,除了船舶这一重要客体影响着航运实践,船长这一重要航运主体的地位也是举足轻重的。海上运输的特殊性,使海运船长具有多重法律地位。国内外立法与实践多注重对船长在船舶航行与营运方面权力的研究,比如:驾驶和管理船舶、代理、救助、工资请求、医疗费用请求等。这些私权力的行使固然重要,但是,在远离陆地而相对封闭的“小社会”里,陆地上的强制力量鞭长莫及,如何保障这些私法权力的正当行使就成为了首要问题。这时,国家机关的某些行政司法职能就自然地落到了船长的肩上。 船长的准司法权是海运船长公权力的重要组成部分,对其的研究在理论与实践上都具有重大的现实意义。本文就以此为出发点,用比较研究的方法,从立法与实践上分析海运船长的准司法权,以期对海运船长准司法权有更清晰的认识,探寻我国海运船长准司法权立法与国际立法的适恰之路,便于船长在海运实践中正确行使权利、履行义务,促进世界海运业的发展。全文一共分成五个部分。 第一部分通过对船长在海运中历史地位的分析和与相关概念的辨析,对船长的概念进行界定。在久远的时期,船长是一种封号,享有莫大的荣誉,不仅需要直接操作船舶,还对船舶的管理和营运负有直接领导责任。随着科学技术的进步和航海事业的发展,船长的操船技术在船长业务中所占的比例已经越来越小,船长已变成一种技术职称和职务,但其所担负的责任仍然重大。因此,对海运船长概念的准确界定是分析海运船长准司法权的前提。笔者从船长与船员的概念关系入手,分析比较世界立法中“一元制”(船员广义说)和“二元制”(船员狭义说)的相关规定,厘清船长与其他在船人员的区别,得出船长与其他船员应该分别界定的结论。为突出船长在海上运输中的特殊地位和重要作用,着重阐述船长与船舶、引航员、船东、货主和承租人这几个重要的海上运输参与者的关系。 第二部分从世界立法与实践比较分析海运船长的准司法权,研究船长如何正确行使准司法权。首先列举几个典型国家关于海运船长准司法权的立法规定,找出其中的相同与相异之处。在这里,对船长是否允许受理投诉和犯罪的船上人员向船长自首可否构成刑法上的自首与减刑等问题进行了特别探讨,得出船长应被允许受理投诉和犯罪的船上人员向船长自首可以构成刑法上的自首与减刑的结论。其次,关于海运船长的准司法权,世界各国各地区没有统一立法,学理上也未有对其概念的统一界定。从准司法权的本质来看,这是一种保卫船上人员及船货安全的特殊权力,又有学者称之为“警察权”或“保安权”。船长准司法权也极容易与紧急处置权、紧急处分权和公证权混淆,本部分比较分析了船长准司法权与以上五种权力之间的关系。最后,通过对准司法权的法律特征和构成要件的阐述,明确海运船长准司法权的概念与法律性质,提出借鉴“有条件背离规则”的原则,使船长在一定的限制条件下正确行使准司法权,更好地保障在船人员人身、财产权益和船货安全。 第三部分研究我国海运船长准司法权的立法及实践。首先介绍我国海运立法概况。海商法体系庞大,各类法律法规为数不少。尽管对船长的立法众多,但涉及船长准司法权的规定却寥寥无几且不成体系。就我国实际情况而言,船长立法往往仅关注对外国法律和国际公约的借鉴,忽视了其背后的法律价值和移植本土化的环境适应性。我国的立法体系秉承大陆法系的特征,对不同的法律部门制定了相应的法典。但特别法一般都带有重实体轻程序的色彩,这无法适应与实践结合紧密的海事法律的要求。我国现在还不存在完整意义上的船长准司法权制度,没有一部完整的法律法规对船长准司法权进行规定,甚至在各法律条文中也没有用专章或专编的形式进行规范,只是散见于法律条款中,且内容简单,均未对船长准司法权作出界定。其次,通过对具体案例的分析,得出立法者应以“经验”作为有价值的参考,在制订和修改法律时多考虑实践的需要,使法律更具适应性的结论。 第四部分探讨如何从立法上完善我国海运船长的准司法权。首先,从国际国内两方面分析影响船长法律制度完善的因素。其次,归纳出确定船长准司法权的三大原则:单独立法原则;法律适用开放原则;积极参与原则。最后,在廓清总体框架结构,厘清体系内各种制度之间关系的前提下,提出海运船长单独立法的篇章结构建议和船长准司法权立法规定所应涉及的内容,寻求我国立法与国际规则的适恰方式,以更好地促进海运船长立法与实践的统一和国际海上贸易的健康发展。 第五部分展望了海运船长准司法权立法统一化的前景。船长的业务水平和思想素质影响着对国家主权和人身财产的保护程度;影响着航运安全生产和航海活动的实施和完成情况;影响着防止海损事故发生的力度;同时也影响着诸如运输成本高低等重大问题。海事海商立法统一化不仅有利于法治共识的形成,更是构筑良法体系的逻辑前提。为了海事交往的正常进行,海运船长准司法权立法的统一化势在必行。本文的落脚点即是船长准司法权的国际接轨问题。我们应以积极的态度应对立法与实践的不断变化,保持立法前沿性,取消国内船长立法双轨制,适应海运船长准司法权国际变动的步伐。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • With the global economic integration and the close trade relation of various countries, the seaborne trade has become the important component of the world economics intercourse. During the process of Maritime transportation, ship, which is the important object, is affecting the shipping practice. However, the captain plays a pivotal role in shipping industry. Captain have multiple legal statuses because of the particularity of marine. Modern legislation and practice at home and abroad pay great attention to the captain's power of the ship navigation and operation, just as driving and management of ships, agents, rescue ships, wage request, medical expenses. Although it is very important for captain to exercise these private power, in the "small community" which is far away from the land, the mandatory power is beyond its reach. The most important issue is how to protect the normal exercise of these powers. By now, some government functions of the administration and jurisdiction would naturally fell on shoulders of captain. Actually, captain's public power is the protection of private power. As the quasi-judicial power of the captain is an important component of its public power, it has theoretical and practical significance in their research. To enhance understanding of the quasi-judicial power of the captain and find a suitable way of legislation consolidation of domestic and abroad in this field, this article extend further exploration and research. It will be gratified if any ideas of this article could be helpful for proper behaviour of captain in practice and enhancing development of global. This article is divided into five parts to research and analyse the quasi-judicial power of the captain. Part 1 defines the concept of the captain through the analysis of the captain's historical status and the clarification with relevant concept. During a long period of time, the captain is a title, enjoys the greatest honor, not only needs to directly operate ship, but also have the leadership responsibility for the management and business of ships. Along with the progress of science and technology and the development of navigation, the proportion of operating ship has been getting smaller and smaller. Although captain has become a kind of technical title and the duty, which have significant responsibilities and obligations. In order to analyse the quasi-judicial power of the captain, we need to define the concept of the captain at first. This part analyses and compares "One-system "(define crew in narrow sense)and "Dual-system"(define crew in broad sense) from the relationship of the conception of captain and crew, arrive at a conclusion that the captain and other crew members should be defined separately. the special status and important role of the captain in the maritime transport emphasis on the relationship between the captain and several important participants in the maritime transport such as the ship, the pilot, the shipowner, the cargo owner and the tenant. Part 2 researches how to execute the quasi-judicial power of the captain by comparing and analysing the legislation and practice in the world. At first, I compare the same and different of several typical countries about legislation of the quasi-judicial power of the captain. Now, we especially discuss the issues that the captain is allowed to accept complaint or not and criminals on ship surrender to the captain constitutes surrendered and commutation in the Criminal Code or not. These lead to a conclusion that the captain is allowed to accept complaint and criminals on ship surrender to the captain constitutes surrendered and commutation in the Criminal Code. There is no uniform legislation and theory about the quasi-judicial power of the captain. In fact, The quasi-judicial power is a special authority which defend the safety of personnel and cargo on board, also some scholars said that it is "The Police Function"or"The security Function". Secondly, we often confuse the quasi-judicial power of the captain with the emergency disposition power and the notarial power. Several methods such as comparative and analytic methods are used for the confusion above in this article. At the end, I describe the legal features and constitutive requirements of the quasi-judicial power to explicate the conception and legal nature of it, meanwhile put out the"benign violation against rules under reasonable condition" principle to exercise the power correctly under the limited condition and assure the crews' personal and property rights as well as the security of ship and cargo. Part 3 researches the legislation and practice of the quasi-judicial power of the captain in China. First of all, though the the maritime law system is huge and there are several kinds of laws and regulations in our country, it is very few and fragmentary about the rules involve the quasi-judicial power of the captain. The maritime law in our country always focus on using the legislations and experiences of other Countries while neglecting the legal value and the adaptability to environment. China's legislation system uphold the characteristics of the Civil Law system and formulate corresponding code for different legal departments. But it is unable to meet the requirements of the development of Maritime Law. There is neither integrated legislation nor chapter in law about the captain. It only can be found in article and clause sporadically. These clauses are so simple that the situation is unable to meet requirements in practice. Secondly, the conclusion that lawmakers should take "experience" as valuable reference and consider practical need in process of law formulation and revision can be reached based on analysis of specific cases. In this way, the law will become flexible and suitable in reality. Part 4 focuses on perfecting the captain law in China. Firstly, I analyse the factors which affects the perfection of captain law from two aspects of external and internal. Secondly, I summarize three principles of the quasi-judicial power of the captain: the principle of separate legislation, the opening principle of legal applicability and the principle of positive participation. Finally, On base of understanding and defining the quasi-judicial power of the captain accurately, this article make a proposal of text structure of captain law and the content of the quasi-judicial power of the captain should be involved, in order to find a appropriate way for combination of China's legislative and the adequacy of international rules and methods, and better promote maritime captain of the legislation and practice of international unity and world for the healthy development of maritime trade. Part 5 expecting the development prospect of legislation unification about the quasi-judicial power of the captain. The level and quality of captain are affecting to the protection degree of the national sovereignty and the person property, the implementation and completion of the shipping safety in production and the navigation, the measurement which prevent the marine accident occurs and other major issues such as transport costs. The unification of maritime legislation is not only beneficial for the formation of consensus on the rule of law, but also a basic logical premise of build a better law system. In order to guarantee the normal advance of marine transportation industry, it is urgent to integrate the laws of the quasi-judicial power of the captain. The foothold of this article is the issue of legislation combination about captain between China and international society. We should confront constantly changes in legislation and practice with a positive attitude, maintain the forefront of legislation to abolish the two-track system of domestic legislation and keep up with the movement of international legislation in filed of the quasi-judicial power of the captain.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D996.19;D922.294
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-04-01
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