中西法的人文精神发展之比较

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

蔡丽萍

导师:

姚荣茂

导师单位:

西南政法大学

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

人文精神;法治;理性;城市化

摘要:

中国传统人文思想随着商朝覆灭、周朝建立而兴起。西周兴起的这种重民或重人的思想,在春秋战国时期经诸子百家发扬光大,形成了内涵深厚的中华人文精神。后世学派秉承先秦理论,将人推向至高的地位。时到明末清初,随着社会经济的巨大转变,中国历史上出现了与刚刚萌芽的资本主义生产关系相适应的崭新的思想,又掀起了一次人文精神思想高潮。此时的“三大家”学说代表的社会思想潮流,为资本主义萌芽的进一步发展起到了启蒙作用,为社会经济及政治的变革奠定了思想基础。但清朝的闭关锁国政策将这一历史发展进程掐断了。 无论是精神层面还是制度层面,西方的文明都是伴随着人的价值的不断被发现逐步向前演进,西方人文精神也正是在人的价值的发现过程中形成。以普罗泰戈拉为代表的古希腊智者学派从对自然和“神”的研究转向对人和社会的研究。而西方真正的“人的发现”是从文艺复兴运动开始,它的标志是与“神为中心”相抗衡的人文主义的形成。18世纪西方爆发的规模宏大的启蒙运动,是继“文艺复兴”以来的第二次思想解放运动。启蒙运动的成就首先在于它确立了理性主义,其次应是人文精神在此次运动中被具体化、制度化。 法与人文精神的关系无疑十分紧密。人文精神是本源,法是它的派生之物,任何法的生成总是依赖特定的人文精神的支撑。因此,人文精神也奠定了法治的理性基础。而法不仅最终必须体现出对人的关怀,而且对人文精神具有“反哺”的意义,催生人文精神的新生。 西方法的发展无论是理念还是制度都来源于人们对人生意义、价值的认知和关怀。从人的需要出发,以普罗泰戈拉为代表的智者们提出了法律正义和平等的要求;苏格拉底创立了理性的法律观;晚年的柏拉图在《法律篇》中的叙述也表明他最终接受了法治。随着文艺复兴运动的开始,一些大致类似的有关法律的新观念也出现了。在18世纪启蒙运动所倡导的理性主义的昭示下,以人本主义为基础的古典自然法受到了人们的青睐。在启蒙运动中崛起的新兴资产阶级,很大程度上接受了古典自然法思想,并以此为基础形成了一套理性主义的法的观念、价值、原则和制度。他们正是在这些观念和原则的基础上创立了各种法治模式。 就尊重人格和以人为本而言,中西人文精神存在一定的契合性。先秦儒家追求的礼制秩序是一种非法律维持的文明秩序,以期实现的是一种非强制性手段维持的社会组织方式。这种重视人的内在精神、调节和平衡社会秩序与个人内心欲求的思想理念不可阻挡的灌注到了以后的政治实践当中。特别是在儒家学说被确立为正统思想之后,中国传统的法制建设始终遵循着儒家的基本观点,传统法律发展过程中处处闪烁着人文主义的光芒。 但我们也应看到,中国人文精神虽与西方人文精神一样始终以人为中心,但它关怀的却是人的情感、意志方面的内容,所以未能展示出主体的独立认知能力或智性,是一种“实践理性主义”,其目的是为了纯粹的实用。一方面,中国人文精神重视人的心性和人的意志,在注重人内在德性的同时却忽略了外在的规范方式;另一方面,中国人文精神关怀的人是抽象的群体人格而非具体的个体人格。可以说,中国近代以前未出现以保障自由、人权为宗旨的法治的原因与传统的人文精神密切相关。这既使我们明白了传统的人文精神很难孵化出法治精神和实体来,同时又为我们寻找中西方古代和近代法律制度上存在差异的原因提供了重要线索。 随着鸦片战争的爆发,中国的大门逐渐被迫向西方国家敞开。面对国事日非的局面,一些仁人志士在探求挽救国家危难的道路上付出了艰辛的努力。但随着西方先进的制度在中国的迅速传播,并未给中国社会带来真正的法治、民主和科学,带来的只是传统精神与西方现代精神的剧烈冲突。在一定程度上这次的失败在于它一味关注西方先进法律、民主制度本身,却未能足够重视造就这些先进制度背后的内在精神,从而使外在的制度失去了应有的精神支撑。在当代法治建设之初,大量的引进、移植西方“先进性”的法律制度,过分推崇、依赖法律的乌托邦思想,同时也受着传统“统治阶级意志论”和“工具论”的浓重影响,我国的法治建设依旧没有找到它足以生成的根基,仍未能摆脱一种“无根”栽培的困境。 重塑法的人文精神对推动我国法治进程的发展,促进社会主义民主建设具有重要的意义和深远的影响。西方人文精神催生出现代西方法制文明,其在现代更有了长足的进步,这一切都成为我们顺利、有效的引进西方人文精神的动力;而中国传统人文精神作为中华民族积极进取的精神动力,与当今社会文明存在着必然的内在逻辑联系。在寻求当今法治建设的精神资源时,我们必须正视传统的人文精神。筛选、提炼和转化是传统人文精神现代化的必由之路,特别是用合理的方式对传统人文精神进行“创造性的转化”并经当代人的重构之后,才能转化为具有现代意义的内容,才能成为我国法治建设的珍贵思想资源。 城市化是现代社会发展的重要内容和趋势。我国城市化进程中,出现了许多新的社会问题和新的社会事物,形成了许多新的社会关系,这对我国的法治建设提出了许多新的要求。而蕴含着人文精神、体现着人文主义关怀是真正的法治的确具有、也必须具有的一种内在精神,是真正法治的生命线。现时代的法治建设应该始终以关怀人、尊重人、保护人为出发点和落脚点,而这种人文精神、人文关怀必须由法律制度加以保障。法律信仰的培养在城市化进程中也起着至关重要的作用。 现存的户籍制度问题在城市与农村之间构筑了一道高墙,没有农村人口向城市的流动以及城市间人口的双向迁移,城市化将是一潭死水,根本不能推进。户籍改革不仅关涉到打破城乡的界限,更重要的是保障公民的平等权、人身权等合法权益不受限制和侵犯。 民主的现实基础在于私人利益的独立存在。只有如此,公民才会通过各种方式和途径表达和维护自身利益,才会有热情和积极性参与国家生活和社会生活。因此,保障公民私有财产权对于造就自主和自治的公民至关重要。《物权法》是确认财产、利用财产和保护财产的基本法律。而让我们不得不关注的是公共利益与私人财产之间存在的冲突及其解决方法。 在现代法治国家,公民的政治参与是政治权利和自由。公民能广泛的参与到国家的政治生活中,这成为现代民主政治的一大亮点。改革开放以来,我国公众参与公共决策的体制建设取得了长足进步。将来我国的公共政策的参与机制应是以制度性参与为主导的“公民参与”机制。 本文采用与西方人文精神相对比的方式,以法的人文精神发展的历史进程为主线,以中国法的人文精神发展过程为重点,重在分析中国传统精神和西方人文主义精神对现时代法治建设的作用和意义,试图找寻适应当今中国城市化进程的、人文精神内涵丰富的法治之路。全文共分为三个部分: 第一部分:“人文精神与法的情结”。着重叙述中西人文精神的起源和发展,指出法与人文精神于发展过程中的互融性。第二部分:“回归的理性需要走向融合”。首先分析中国传统入文精神中不利于法治建设的两个方面,既而从近代中国的国家危机开始,叙述中西人文精神走向融合的过程和发展方向。第三部分:“现时代呼唤法的人文精神”。分析在当今中国城市化中如何将法的人文精神灌注于法治建设当中,并从户籍改革、对公民私有财产的保护和公民的政治参与三个方面叙述现时代法治建设中人文精神的展现,并简要分析其进一步发展走向。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

蔡丽萍. 中西法的人文精神发展之比较[D]. 西南政法大学,2008.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 中西法的人文精神发展之比较
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20051803
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 蔡丽萍
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2008
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 姚荣茂
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 人文精神;;法治;;理性;;城市化
  • dc.subject
  • The Humanism Spirit;;Constitutionality;;Rationality;;Urbanization
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 中国传统人文思想随着商朝覆灭、周朝建立而兴起。西周兴起的这种重民或重人的思想,在春秋战国时期经诸子百家发扬光大,形成了内涵深厚的中华人文精神。后世学派秉承先秦理论,将人推向至高的地位。时到明末清初,随着社会经济的巨大转变,中国历史上出现了与刚刚萌芽的资本主义生产关系相适应的崭新的思想,又掀起了一次人文精神思想高潮。此时的“三大家”学说代表的社会思想潮流,为资本主义萌芽的进一步发展起到了启蒙作用,为社会经济及政治的变革奠定了思想基础。但清朝的闭关锁国政策将这一历史发展进程掐断了。 无论是精神层面还是制度层面,西方的文明都是伴随着人的价值的不断被发现逐步向前演进,西方人文精神也正是在人的价值的发现过程中形成。以普罗泰戈拉为代表的古希腊智者学派从对自然和“神”的研究转向对人和社会的研究。而西方真正的“人的发现”是从文艺复兴运动开始,它的标志是与“神为中心”相抗衡的人文主义的形成。18世纪西方爆发的规模宏大的启蒙运动,是继“文艺复兴”以来的第二次思想解放运动。启蒙运动的成就首先在于它确立了理性主义,其次应是人文精神在此次运动中被具体化、制度化。 法与人文精神的关系无疑十分紧密。人文精神是本源,法是它的派生之物,任何法的生成总是依赖特定的人文精神的支撑。因此,人文精神也奠定了法治的理性基础。而法不仅最终必须体现出对人的关怀,而且对人文精神具有“反哺”的意义,催生人文精神的新生。 西方法的发展无论是理念还是制度都来源于人们对人生意义、价值的认知和关怀。从人的需要出发,以普罗泰戈拉为代表的智者们提出了法律正义和平等的要求;苏格拉底创立了理性的法律观;晚年的柏拉图在《法律篇》中的叙述也表明他最终接受了法治。随着文艺复兴运动的开始,一些大致类似的有关法律的新观念也出现了。在18世纪启蒙运动所倡导的理性主义的昭示下,以人本主义为基础的古典自然法受到了人们的青睐。在启蒙运动中崛起的新兴资产阶级,很大程度上接受了古典自然法思想,并以此为基础形成了一套理性主义的法的观念、价值、原则和制度。他们正是在这些观念和原则的基础上创立了各种法治模式。 就尊重人格和以人为本而言,中西人文精神存在一定的契合性。先秦儒家追求的礼制秩序是一种非法律维持的文明秩序,以期实现的是一种非强制性手段维持的社会组织方式。这种重视人的内在精神、调节和平衡社会秩序与个人内心欲求的思想理念不可阻挡的灌注到了以后的政治实践当中。特别是在儒家学说被确立为正统思想之后,中国传统的法制建设始终遵循着儒家的基本观点,传统法律发展过程中处处闪烁着人文主义的光芒。 但我们也应看到,中国人文精神虽与西方人文精神一样始终以人为中心,但它关怀的却是人的情感、意志方面的内容,所以未能展示出主体的独立认知能力或智性,是一种“实践理性主义”,其目的是为了纯粹的实用。一方面,中国人文精神重视人的心性和人的意志,在注重人内在德性的同时却忽略了外在的规范方式;另一方面,中国人文精神关怀的人是抽象的群体人格而非具体的个体人格。可以说,中国近代以前未出现以保障自由、人权为宗旨的法治的原因与传统的人文精神密切相关。这既使我们明白了传统的人文精神很难孵化出法治精神和实体来,同时又为我们寻找中西方古代和近代法律制度上存在差异的原因提供了重要线索。 随着鸦片战争的爆发,中国的大门逐渐被迫向西方国家敞开。面对国事日非的局面,一些仁人志士在探求挽救国家危难的道路上付出了艰辛的努力。但随着西方先进的制度在中国的迅速传播,并未给中国社会带来真正的法治、民主和科学,带来的只是传统精神与西方现代精神的剧烈冲突。在一定程度上这次的失败在于它一味关注西方先进法律、民主制度本身,却未能足够重视造就这些先进制度背后的内在精神,从而使外在的制度失去了应有的精神支撑。在当代法治建设之初,大量的引进、移植西方“先进性”的法律制度,过分推崇、依赖法律的乌托邦思想,同时也受着传统“统治阶级意志论”和“工具论”的浓重影响,我国的法治建设依旧没有找到它足以生成的根基,仍未能摆脱一种“无根”栽培的困境。 重塑法的人文精神对推动我国法治进程的发展,促进社会主义民主建设具有重要的意义和深远的影响。西方人文精神催生出现代西方法制文明,其在现代更有了长足的进步,这一切都成为我们顺利、有效的引进西方人文精神的动力;而中国传统人文精神作为中华民族积极进取的精神动力,与当今社会文明存在着必然的内在逻辑联系。在寻求当今法治建设的精神资源时,我们必须正视传统的人文精神。筛选、提炼和转化是传统人文精神现代化的必由之路,特别是用合理的方式对传统人文精神进行“创造性的转化”并经当代人的重构之后,才能转化为具有现代意义的内容,才能成为我国法治建设的珍贵思想资源。 城市化是现代社会发展的重要内容和趋势。我国城市化进程中,出现了许多新的社会问题和新的社会事物,形成了许多新的社会关系,这对我国的法治建设提出了许多新的要求。而蕴含着人文精神、体现着人文主义关怀是真正的法治的确具有、也必须具有的一种内在精神,是真正法治的生命线。现时代的法治建设应该始终以关怀人、尊重人、保护人为出发点和落脚点,而这种人文精神、人文关怀必须由法律制度加以保障。法律信仰的培养在城市化进程中也起着至关重要的作用。 现存的户籍制度问题在城市与农村之间构筑了一道高墙,没有农村人口向城市的流动以及城市间人口的双向迁移,城市化将是一潭死水,根本不能推进。户籍改革不仅关涉到打破城乡的界限,更重要的是保障公民的平等权、人身权等合法权益不受限制和侵犯。 民主的现实基础在于私人利益的独立存在。只有如此,公民才会通过各种方式和途径表达和维护自身利益,才会有热情和积极性参与国家生活和社会生活。因此,保障公民私有财产权对于造就自主和自治的公民至关重要。《物权法》是确认财产、利用财产和保护财产的基本法律。而让我们不得不关注的是公共利益与私人财产之间存在的冲突及其解决方法。 在现代法治国家,公民的政治参与是政治权利和自由。公民能广泛的参与到国家的政治生活中,这成为现代民主政治的一大亮点。改革开放以来,我国公众参与公共决策的体制建设取得了长足进步。将来我国的公共政策的参与机制应是以制度性参与为主导的“公民参与”机制。 本文采用与西方人文精神相对比的方式,以法的人文精神发展的历史进程为主线,以中国法的人文精神发展过程为重点,重在分析中国传统精神和西方人文主义精神对现时代法治建设的作用和意义,试图找寻适应当今中国城市化进程的、人文精神内涵丰富的法治之路。全文共分为三个部分: 第一部分:“人文精神与法的情结”。着重叙述中西人文精神的起源和发展,指出法与人文精神于发展过程中的互融性。第二部分:“回归的理性需要走向融合”。首先分析中国传统入文精神中不利于法治建设的两个方面,既而从近代中国的国家危机开始,叙述中西人文精神走向融合的过程和发展方向。第三部分:“现时代呼唤法的人文精神”。分析在当今中国城市化中如何将法的人文精神灌注于法治建设当中,并从户籍改革、对公民私有财产的保护和公民的政治参与三个方面叙述现时代法治建设中人文精神的展现,并简要分析其进一步发展走向。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The traditional Chinese humanistic ideas rose along with Shang Dynasty destruction and the establishment of the Zhou dynasty.The ideas which thinking much of people of Western Zhou Dynasty were flourish by Confucian and other Ancient Chinese Classics in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, and formed a strong connotation of Chinese Humanism Spirit. School generations of the Pre-Qin, pushed people to the highest position During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, with the tremendous socio-economic changes in China's history, with just a budding capitalist production relations to a new phase of thinking, there has been an upsurge of humanistic ideas. At this time the "three people" theory of the community ideological trend for the further development of capitalism sprouting played a role in the Enlightenment, Laid the foundation for the social, economic and political transformation. However, the closed door of the Qing Dynasty history of this policy cut off the development process. Whether a spiritual level or system level, Western civilization has evolved forward gradually with the value of the person found and the Western Humanism Spirit was formed during the discovery of the value of the person . Puluotaigela represented by the ancient Greek sage Wise Shool studied from the natural and the "god" to the human and social. Western real "people found" from the Renaissance Movement, and its logo is the formation of humanism contending with "God-centered". West of the 18th century large-scale outbreak of the Enlightenment is the second ideological emancipation movement following the "Renaissance" .First of all the achievements of the Enlightenment is that it established a rational, and secondly is the Humanism Spirit was specific and systematic. Law and The Humanism Spirit of the relationship is undoubtedly strong. Origin is the Humanism Spirit, law is the derivative, and the formation of any law always rely on the support of particular The Humanism Spirit. Therefore, The Humanism Spirit also laid a rational basis of constitutionality. The law not only reflect on the ultimate care, but also to the Humanism Spirit of "feedback" meaning that gave birth to new The Humanism Spirit. The development of Western legal theory and system are derived from understanding and caring the meaning and value of life . From the needs of the people, Puluotaigela represented by the ancient Greek sage Wise Shool supposed the legal justice and equality; Socrates created a rational legal concept. The statement of Plato's "laws" also shows that he finally accepted constitutionality in his old age. With the beginning of the Renaissance Movement, some broadly similar to the relevant laws of the new concept has emerged. In the 18th century, rationalism advocated by the Enlightenment made the people accept classical natural law based on Humanism. The emerging bourgeoisie form Enlightenment Movement accepted the classical natural law thinking to a large extent, and thus formed a set of the law, values, principles and systems of the rational. They created a variety of constitutionality models on the basis of these concepts and principles. Considering the respect for human and people-oriented, there are certain similarity between Chinese Humanism Spirit and western. Pre-Qin Dynasty Confucian the pursuit of the civilized order non-legal wish for maintaining a non-mandatory social organization. Such attention to the inner spirit, adjusting and balancing social order and personal inner desire ideas permeated irresistibly the political practice. Especially in the Confucian doctrine was established as orthodox thinking, China has always been the traditional building of the legal system followed the basic viewpoints of Confucianism, the traditional legal process of development glistened with the radiance of Humanism. But we should also see that although the Chinese Humanism Spirit and the Western Humanism Spirit always center for the people similarly, but China cared content of emotion and will, so it can not show the main independent or intellectual capacity to understand, failure to develop Western rationalism. One hand, China attached importance to the Humanism Spirit of concentric and the people's will, focused on the inherent virtue of people at the same time ignored the external forms; On the other hand, Chinese people of Humanism Spirit cared abstract personality rather than specific groups individual personality. It can be said that China did not appear constitutionality before modern times to protect freedom,human rights , this is closely related to the traditional Humanism Spirit. We understandd that even the traditional Humanism Spirit is difficult to hatch entities and constitutionality, at the same time it provides an important clue searching reasons for difference of ancient and modern of Chinese and Western legal systems for. With the outbreak of the Opium War, China gradually forced to open the door to the West. On the face of critical situation, some people with lofty ideals put in a lot of effort to seeked to the road of saving national crisis . With the advanced system in China's rapid spread, Chinese community was not brought constitutionality, democracy and science, only conflicting between traditional spirit and the spirit of modern dramatic. To a certain extent, reason of this failure is that it just concerned advanced western law, the democratic system itself, has failed to pay sufficient attention to the inherent spirit behind creating these advanced systems , so that the external system lost their proper spiritual support. In the beginning of the construction of constitutionality, the introduction and transplanting of a large number of Western "advanced " legal system, excessive respect and dependence on Utopian thinking , and had the strong impact on traditional "will of the ruling class" and the "tool" , constitutionality in China still did not find sufficient to generate the foundation ,has yet to shake off a "rootless" culture dilemma. Remodeling of the Humanism Spirit of constitutionality promoted the process of China's development and the constract of socialist democracy is of great significance and far-reaching affect. Western Humanism Spirit of constitutionality gave birth to modern Western civilization, and it has great progress now, which is the force we can introduct Western Humanism Spirit successfully and effectively.The traditional Chinese Humanism Spirit as a mental force of the Chinese nation , there are inherent logic between today's civilized society and former. In the search for mental resources of constitutionality in today , we need to address traditional The Humanism Spirit. Screening, extraction and transformation of traditional Humanism Spirit is the only way to modernization, especially the use of reasonable methods to"creative transformation"and the reconstruction of contemporary people traditional Humanism Spirit, can be transformed into a modern sense, and become a precious resource thinking of constitutionality construct. Urbanization is an important part of social development and trends. In the China's urbanization process, appears many new social problems and new social issues and formed a number of new social relations, and put forward many new requirements to our country constitutionality. Constitutionality has and must has a inherent spirit which including The Humanism Spirit and Humanism Care .This is the lifeline of constitutionality. Time is now building constitutionalityshould always caring, respect, the protection of the people as the starting point and end point, and this Humanism Spirit, Humanism care must be protected by the legal system. Belief in the legal culture in the process of urbanization plays a vital role. The existing household registration system in urban and rural areas has built a wall between, no rural-to-urban migration and urban population of the two-way migration, urbanization will be a pool of stagnant water, can not advance. Household registration reform is not only relates to break the limits of urban and rural areas is more important to safeguard the citizen's right to equality, personal rights and other legitimate rights and interests of unrestricted and violations. Democracy is the basis of the realities of the independent existence of private interests. Only then will citizens through various ways and means of expression and maintain their own interests, there will be enthusiastic and positive attitude of participation in national life and social life. Therefore, the protection of private property rights for the citizens of autonomy and self-government created the citizens is essential. "Property Law" is to identify property, the use of property and the basic legal protection of property. And so we have to concerned about the public interest and private property exists between conflict resolution. In the modern country of rule of law, civil and political participation in the political rights and freedoms, broad participation in the country's political life has become a modern democracy a major bright spot. Since reform and opening up, China's public participation in public decision-making institution-building has made considerable progress. China's future participation in the public policy should be based on a system of mechanisms for the participation of leading the "citizen participation" Mechanism. In this paper, using the Western Humanism Spirit and the way compared to the Humanism Spirit of the history of the development process of the main line, China and France to the Humanism Spirit of focusing on the development process, focusing on analysis of China's traditional Spirit of Western humanism and the spirit of building the role of constitutionalityand the significance of China today to seek support of the city, has rich connotations and the Humanism Spirit of constitutionalityin the road. The full text is divided into three parts: Part I: "Humanism Spirit of the law complex." Focuses on the Humanism Spirit of the Chinese origin and development, pointed out that law and the development of the Humanism Spirit in the process of fusion. Part II: "return to the rational needs of moving toward integration." First of traditional Chinese Humanism Spirit of constitutionality is not conducive to the building of two aspects, Xier Modern China's national crisis began describing Western Humanism Spirit to the integration process and the direction of development. Part III: "The times call for The Humanism Spirit of law." Analysis in China today in the city of how the human Spirit perfusion method in the construction of the rule of law, and from the household registration reform, the protection of private property of citizens and civic participation in politics is now three times constitutionality outlined in the display of the Spirit of the humanities.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D90
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2008-04-01
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