董仲舒法哲学思想研究

The Research of Dong Zhongshu's Legal Philosophy Thoughts

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归属学者:

武夫波

作者:

武夫波

导师:

陈锐

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

董仲舒;法律本体论;法律价值论;法是什么;法之起源;法之理据

摘要:

西汉名儒董仲舒一生致力于宣扬儒家思想,对哲学、政治、法律等问题都有所涉及,目前法学界对董仲舒法律思想的研究成果虽多,却多为人头式的思想史研究,主要表现为列举董仲舒的德主刑辅、三纲五常、春秋决狱等理论,此种研究在梳理脉络方面有着巨大的优势,却不利于对其思想进行深入发掘。原因在于罗列思想的内容,会导致政治经济伦理各方面内容杂糅,缺乏从法学角度系统地理论分析。因此在不割裂董仲舒法律思想整体性的前提下,对董仲舒的法律思想进行法哲学分析可以深化对其法律思想的理解和认识,更能加深对中国传统法文化的哲理化认识。通过梳理不难发现董仲舒的传世著作中蕴含着丰富的法哲学思想,对董仲舒法哲学思想的研究具有学术补白的意义。 法哲学是从哲学的角度对法背后的理据、原则进行分析的学科,对于法之本体以及法之价值的探讨是法哲学研究中的重要内容。具体到本体论方面,张岱年先生认为中国古代哲学是有丰富的本体论思想的,老子正是中国本体论的首创者,中国传统哲学的本体论主要研究宇宙自然背后的根本原理或依据。法哲学视野下的本体论与此类似,具体到中国传统视野下的法本体论则主要研究法是什么、法之起源、法之理据等方面的内容,董仲舒对此皆有论述,足见其法律本体论思想是相当丰富完善的。董仲舒从儒家固有的思想传统出发,将法视为治理国家的规则体系,这一体系包含礼乐政刑等功能组件,这些功能组件共同发挥作用实现法的教育、规范和惩罚功能,从而实现法的价值。董仲舒从人性论的角度指出人性未善是法产生的原因,最初的法由圣人根据天意制定,其目的在于解决由于人性未善引发的社会纠纷。圣人所制定的规则之所以能够被当做法而发生效力,董仲舒认为有两个方面的原因:一是圣人天生具有完美的德性,在董仲舒的性三品学说中居于德性最优的位置,由圣人制定的法是不含私利而为民的法,圣人制定因此成为法之所以能具有效力的形式理据;二是圣人所制定的法是根据天意制定的,在董仲舒的哲学体系中,天人相副,天人感应是基本的哲学预设。在指出人君百姓都要顺从天意之后,董仲舒直接言明天心与仁,因此仁才是法背后的实质理据,亦是区分法与非法的最终标准。 董仲舒基于仁的立场,积极追求法的教化、屈君和调均价值,三种价值分别从导民向善、限制君权到惠民养民,天心与仁的原则和理念贯彻其中。经由董仲舒改造的儒家思想既能坚持先秦儒家的仁学主张,又能以大一统打动君主,因此其思想学说得到推崇,对整个中国正统法哲学产生了深远影响。具体表现为开法律儒家化之先河,并以德主刑辅之观念奠定后世官方法哲学之基调,影响可谓绵延千年不绝。其中惠民养民、调均与仁等追求,至今仍有借鉴价值。

学科:

法学理论

提交日期

2018-01-11

引用参考

武夫波. 董仲舒法哲学思想研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2014.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 董仲舒法哲学思想研究
  • dc.title
  • The Research of Dong Zhongshu's Legal Philosophy Thoughts
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20110301010113
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 武夫波
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2014
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 陈锐
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 董仲舒;;法律本体论;;法律价值论;;法是什么;;法之起源;;法之理据
  • dc.subject
  • Dong Zhongshu;;the ontology of law;;the axiology of law;;what law is;;the origin of law;;the theoretical basis of law
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 西汉名儒董仲舒一生致力于宣扬儒家思想,对哲学、政治、法律等问题都有所涉及,目前法学界对董仲舒法律思想的研究成果虽多,却多为人头式的思想史研究,主要表现为列举董仲舒的德主刑辅、三纲五常、春秋决狱等理论,此种研究在梳理脉络方面有着巨大的优势,却不利于对其思想进行深入发掘。原因在于罗列思想的内容,会导致政治经济伦理各方面内容杂糅,缺乏从法学角度系统地理论分析。因此在不割裂董仲舒法律思想整体性的前提下,对董仲舒的法律思想进行法哲学分析可以深化对其法律思想的理解和认识,更能加深对中国传统法文化的哲理化认识。通过梳理不难发现董仲舒的传世著作中蕴含着丰富的法哲学思想,对董仲舒法哲学思想的研究具有学术补白的意义。 法哲学是从哲学的角度对法背后的理据、原则进行分析的学科,对于法之本体以及法之价值的探讨是法哲学研究中的重要内容。具体到本体论方面,张岱年先生认为中国古代哲学是有丰富的本体论思想的,老子正是中国本体论的首创者,中国传统哲学的本体论主要研究宇宙自然背后的根本原理或依据。法哲学视野下的本体论与此类似,具体到中国传统视野下的法本体论则主要研究法是什么、法之起源、法之理据等方面的内容,董仲舒对此皆有论述,足见其法律本体论思想是相当丰富完善的。董仲舒从儒家固有的思想传统出发,将法视为治理国家的规则体系,这一体系包含礼乐政刑等功能组件,这些功能组件共同发挥作用实现法的教育、规范和惩罚功能,从而实现法的价值。董仲舒从人性论的角度指出人性未善是法产生的原因,最初的法由圣人根据天意制定,其目的在于解决由于人性未善引发的社会纠纷。圣人所制定的规则之所以能够被当做法而发生效力,董仲舒认为有两个方面的原因:一是圣人天生具有完美的德性,在董仲舒的性三品学说中居于德性最优的位置,由圣人制定的法是不含私利而为民的法,圣人制定因此成为法之所以能具有效力的形式理据;二是圣人所制定的法是根据天意制定的,在董仲舒的哲学体系中,天人相副,天人感应是基本的哲学预设。在指出人君百姓都要顺从天意之后,董仲舒直接言明天心与仁,因此仁才是法背后的实质理据,亦是区分法与非法的最终标准。 董仲舒基于仁的立场,积极追求法的教化、屈君和调均价值,三种价值分别从导民向善、限制君权到惠民养民,天心与仁的原则和理念贯彻其中。经由董仲舒改造的儒家思想既能坚持先秦儒家的仁学主张,又能以大一统打动君主,因此其思想学说得到推崇,对整个中国正统法哲学产生了深远影响。具体表现为开法律儒家化之先河,并以德主刑辅之观念奠定后世官方法哲学之基调,影响可谓绵延千年不绝。其中惠民养民、调均与仁等追求,至今仍有借鉴价值。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Dong Zhongshu, a famed Confucian in the Western Han Dynasty, devotes his lifeto promoting Confucianism, dabbling in philosophy, politics and law, etc. Despite thefruitful research attainments on Dong’s legal thoughts, they are mostly facialresearches about the history of ideas, focusing mainly on the list of Dong’s theories,which possesses great advantages in combing the outlines but does poorly inexploring deep into his thoughts. The reason is that listing the contests of thoughts canlead to the hodgepodge of politics, economics and ethics, and lack the systemicanalysis from the perspective of laws. Therefore, under the premise of notfragmenting the integrity of Dong’s legal thoughts, the philosophical analysis ofDong’s legal thoughts can deepen our understanding of his legal thoughts and furtherour knowledge on the Chinese philosophy. By reviewing Dong’s works, it is notdifficult to find out that they are abundant in the thoughts of philosophy of law andthe study on such thoughts is significant for the integrity of the entire academic study. The legal philosophy is a discipline that analyzes the theories and principles oflaws from the angle of philosophy, and the explorations into the ontology and theirvalues are an essential part of the study on the philosophy of law. In terms of thetheories of ontology, Mr. Zhang Dainian asserts that ancient Chinese philosophy isrich in the thoughts of ontology, and Lao Zi is the founder of Chinese ontology, whichmainly deals with fundamental principles and basis about the universe and nature. Theontology of philosophy of law is similar, specifically dealing with the major researchmethods of traditional Chinese ontology, the origin of laws and the theoretical basis,which have all been discussed by Dong, demonstrating rich and complete thoughts ofontology. Dong upholds the traditional Confucianism and regards laws as the systemof rules of governing a country. The system comprises rites, amusements, politics andpenalty, which jointly realize laws’ functions of education, regulation and penalization,the values of laws. Dong figures out that laws are created because of the evil human nature and the primal laws are made by the saints according to the will of God with anaim to resolve the disputes caused by the evil human nature. The reason why rulesmade by the saints are regarded as laws is due to the following two reasons, accordingto Dong, one is the saints are born with perfect virtue and are in the optimal positionsin accordance with Dong’s theory of “Three Grades of Virtues”. The laws made bythe saints are free from selfishness and for the people, which serves as the formaltheoretical basis; the other is that the laws made by the saints are in the light of God’swill, and the conceptions that God and man mutually assist and interact are basic inDong’s philosophy. Subsequent to showing that both the ruler and common peoplehave to conform to God’s will, Dong bluntly expresses that benevolence is the core ofGod’s will. Hence, benevolence is the true theoretical basis and the ultimate standardto distinguish the laws from non-laws. Based on the standpoint of benevolence, Dong enthusiastically pursues laws’values of moralization, restricting rulers and equalization, which guides the people todo good turns, limiting rulers’ powers and bringing welfare to people. The Confucianthoughts adjusted by Dong on the one hand are in consistence with the Confucianismin the Pre-Qin Period that stresses benevolence and on the other hand impresses therulers with the grand unification. Therefore, his thoughts and ideas are hailed andadvocated and exert far-reaching influence on the authentic philosophy of law. Theyembody the Confucianization of laws and the conception of “virtue first, penaltysecond”, of which the pursuits such as bringing welfare to people, equalization andbenevolence are still of great value for reference even today.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D909.2;D90
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2014-03-01
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