北宋开封府司法权研究

Research on Judicial Power of the Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

陈佳佳

导师:

龙大轩

导师单位:

行政法学院

学位:

博士

语种:

中文

关键词:

北宋开封府;司法权;史实;狱政

摘要:

宋代是中国封建社会法制成就较高的朝代。开封作为北宋的首都,是宋朝政治、经济、文化的中心,开封府是都城开封的管理者。北宋开封府地位特殊,具有地方和中央双重属性,且与皇权紧密联系。北宋开封府的司法活动是宋代司法活动的缩影,以北宋开封府司法权为研究对象是考量宋代司法活动和各项司法制度的最好切入点。开封府尹、开封牧、判开封府事、权知开封府、权发遣开封府是开封府行政长官在不同情况的不同称谓。只有亲王尹京才称开封府尹,其他则为判开封府事、权知开封府或权发遣开封府,民间多统称为开封府尹。开封府地位尊崇,被称为“天府”,能任职开封府者普遍具有较高文化素养,德才兼备。宋代城市经济繁荣,市民社会不断壮大,随着坊市制的瓦解,厢坊制应运而生,厢的设置使开封城形成了开封府、都厢、厢、坊四级管理机构。开封府界提点司的设置使开封分为“在京”和“府界”,开封府管理开封城和近郊,开封府界提点司管理开封诸县镇,城乡分治管理模式取代原有城乡共管管理模式。宋代开封的管理模式是近现代城市管理模式的雏形。都厢、厢、府界都有一定的司法审判权,这些机构的设置减轻了开封府刑狱诉讼压力,使司法资源得以更加优化的配置。第一章解读“戏说”和史实的北宋开封府。北宋开封府作为宋朝都城的管理者,誉为“府中之冠”。有史可查的一百七十位知府中不乏寇准、范仲淹、包拯、欧阳修、吕夷简、程琳、蔡京等历史名人。开封府是步入中央决策机构的重要阶梯,在北宋近一百七十年的历史中,无论是熙宁变法还是靖康之难,开封府都扮演了重要角色。但是,民间对北宋开封府的认知却主要来自包拯断案的戏剧和公案小说,由于对开封知府包拯的神化,故而在民间形成了北宋开封府是一个上可审皇亲国戚,下可斩地痞无赖,惩恶扬善,无所不能的司法机构的印象。对北宋开封府的误读也源于此。第二章介绍北宋开封府的历史沿革和机构组成。对从建隆元年(960)到宣和七年(1125)的二百零二任开封府长官共计一百七十人进行逐个分析,勾勒出了开封府行政长官的群体特征。真宗朝设开封府界提点司,揭开了宋代司法制度改革的序幕,奠定了司法管辖的新格局:地方有监司,京城有纠察在京刑狱司;各州府司法管辖城乡分治。第三章介绍北宋开封府的侦查缉捕和刑讯。以开封府为统领,下辖的左右军巡使、赤畿县县尉、厢界所由、巡检形成了一个从乡村到城市的缉捕网络,左右军巡使、县尉、厢吏负责城市和县镇的盗贼缉捕,巡检负责乡村和远郊的盗贼缉捕。宋代的刑讯较文明,刑讯制度严密精细,对刑讯的主体、刑讯的对象、刑讯的条件都做了详细的规定。司法审判中,证据的运用也有重大突破,口供作为证据之王的地位有所动摇,有些案件只要事实清楚,证据确凿,没有口供一样可以定罪判刑。宋代经济繁荣,商品交易频繁,契约制度发达,各类契约成为民事纠纷的重要证据。第四章介绍北宋开封府的司法审判和刑罚。北宋开封府司法审判权有限,笞、杖罪可直接判决,徒以上罪则须上报闻奏。北宋初年开封府擅断,死刑案件也不闻奏,直到真宗朝,开封府司法权的行使才得以规范。究其原因,封建家天下所致,宋初多是亲王尹京,开封府的政治职能大于司法职能,司法权的行使也就不太规范。宋代司法审判中贯穿了几项重要的制度,这些制度是宋代司法文明得以形成的重要内因,具体来说有:鞫谳分司制度、翻异别勘制度、录问制度、长官躬亲制度等。这些司法制度的实施一方面避免了冤假错案的发生,带来了司法的文明和进步,另一方面也是宋代刑狱淹延的重要原因。宋代的刑罚制度基本沿用唐代,但也有显著变化,就是创设了折杖法。宋代的刑罚制度以折杖法为基础,不断吸收前代刑罚的合理内容,逐步发展完善。关于折杖法的性质,当前理论界观点不一,本文认为折杖法是代用刑的说法较为可取。宋代的刑罚有本刑和执行刑两个体系,本刑经折杖法比折的杖数即是执行刑。传统笞、杖、徒、流、大辟五刑为主刑,配隶、编管、移乡等为附加刑。开封府录囚较为频繁,且多是皇帝亲为之。录囚内容多为赦宥,也有平反冤狱和疏决刑狱。开封府狱政的一大特点就是狱空奏报频繁。开封府所辖监狱有军巡院狱、司录司狱、厢狱、县狱,其中,开封府狱空专指开封府左右军巡院狱和司录司狱。所谓狱空,并非监狱空无一人,而是羁押的案件都处理完毕。奏报狱空赏赐较为丰厚,以致谎报狱空事件时有发生。北宋开封府政绩卓著美名流传,原因有三:一是任职开封府者普遍德才兼备,二是开封府行事果断高效、宽严相济,三是对开封府监管严格。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期:

2018-04-20

引用参考:

陈佳佳. 北宋开封府司法权研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2017.

全文附件授权许可:

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 北宋开封府司法权研究
  • dc.title
  • Research on Judicial Power of the Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • b2013030102014
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 陈佳佳
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2017
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 龙大轩
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 北宋开封府;;司法权;;史实;;狱政
  • dc.subject
  • Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty;;judicial power;;historical facts;;prison system
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 宋代是中国封建社会法制成就较高的朝代。开封作为北宋的首都,是宋朝政治、经济、文化的中心,开封府是都城开封的管理者。北宋开封府地位特殊,具有地方和中央双重属性,且与皇权紧密联系。北宋开封府的司法活动是宋代司法活动的缩影,以北宋开封府司法权为研究对象是考量宋代司法活动和各项司法制度的最好切入点。开封府尹、开封牧、判开封府事、权知开封府、权发遣开封府是开封府行政长官在不同情况的不同称谓。只有亲王尹京才称开封府尹,其他则为判开封府事、权知开封府或权发遣开封府,民间多统称为开封府尹。开封府地位尊崇,被称为“天府”,能任职开封府者普遍具有较高文化素养,德才兼备。宋代城市经济繁荣,市民社会不断壮大,随着坊市制的瓦解,厢坊制应运而生,厢的设置使开封城形成了开封府、都厢、厢、坊四级管理机构。开封府界提点司的设置使开封分为“在京”和“府界”,开封府管理开封城和近郊,开封府界提点司管理开封诸县镇,城乡分治管理模式取代原有城乡共管管理模式。宋代开封的管理模式是近现代城市管理模式的雏形。都厢、厢、府界都有一定的司法审判权,这些机构的设置减轻了开封府刑狱诉讼压力,使司法资源得以更加优化的配置。第一章解读“戏说”和史实的北宋开封府。北宋开封府作为宋朝都城的管理者,誉为“府中之冠”。有史可查的一百七十位知府中不乏寇准、范仲淹、包拯、欧阳修、吕夷简、程琳、蔡京等历史名人。开封府是步入中央决策机构的重要阶梯,在北宋近一百七十年的历史中,无论是熙宁变法还是靖康之难,开封府都扮演了重要角色。但是,民间对北宋开封府的认知却主要来自包拯断案的戏剧和公案小说,由于对开封知府包拯的神化,故而在民间形成了北宋开封府是一个上可审皇亲国戚,下可斩地痞无赖,惩恶扬善,无所不能的司法机构的印象。对北宋开封府的误读也源于此。第二章介绍北宋开封府的历史沿革和机构组成。对从建隆元年(960)到宣和七年(1125)的二百零二任开封府长官共计一百七十人进行逐个分析,勾勒出了开封府行政长官的群体特征。真宗朝设开封府界提点司,揭开了宋代司法制度改革的序幕,奠定了司法管辖的新格局:地方有监司,京城有纠察在京刑狱司;各州府司法管辖城乡分治。第三章介绍北宋开封府的侦查缉捕和刑讯。以开封府为统领,下辖的左右军巡使、赤畿县县尉、厢界所由、巡检形成了一个从乡村到城市的缉捕网络,左右军巡使、县尉、厢吏负责城市和县镇的盗贼缉捕,巡检负责乡村和远郊的盗贼缉捕。宋代的刑讯较文明,刑讯制度严密精细,对刑讯的主体、刑讯的对象、刑讯的条件都做了详细的规定。司法审判中,证据的运用也有重大突破,口供作为证据之王的地位有所动摇,有些案件只要事实清楚,证据确凿,没有口供一样可以定罪判刑。宋代经济繁荣,商品交易频繁,契约制度发达,各类契约成为民事纠纷的重要证据。第四章介绍北宋开封府的司法审判和刑罚。北宋开封府司法审判权有限,笞、杖罪可直接判决,徒以上罪则须上报闻奏。北宋初年开封府擅断,死刑案件也不闻奏,直到真宗朝,开封府司法权的行使才得以规范。究其原因,封建家天下所致,宋初多是亲王尹京,开封府的政治职能大于司法职能,司法权的行使也就不太规范。宋代司法审判中贯穿了几项重要的制度,这些制度是宋代司法文明得以形成的重要内因,具体来说有:鞫谳分司制度、翻异别勘制度、录问制度、长官躬亲制度等。这些司法制度的实施一方面避免了冤假错案的发生,带来了司法的文明和进步,另一方面也是宋代刑狱淹延的重要原因。宋代的刑罚制度基本沿用唐代,但也有显著变化,就是创设了折杖法。宋代的刑罚制度以折杖法为基础,不断吸收前代刑罚的合理内容,逐步发展完善。关于折杖法的性质,当前理论界观点不一,本文认为折杖法是代用刑的说法较为可取。宋代的刑罚有本刑和执行刑两个体系,本刑经折杖法比折的杖数即是执行刑。传统笞、杖、徒、流、大辟五刑为主刑,配隶、编管、移乡等为附加刑。开封府录囚较为频繁,且多是皇帝亲为之。录囚内容多为赦宥,也有平反冤狱和疏决刑狱。开封府狱政的一大特点就是狱空奏报频繁。开封府所辖监狱有军巡院狱、司录司狱、厢狱、县狱,其中,开封府狱空专指开封府左右军巡院狱和司录司狱。所谓狱空,并非监狱空无一人,而是羁押的案件都处理完毕。奏报狱空赏赐较为丰厚,以致谎报狱空事件时有发生。北宋开封府政绩卓著美名流传,原因有三:一是任职开封府者普遍德才兼备,二是开封府行事果断高效、宽严相济,三是对开封府监管严格。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The Song Dynasty is a feudal society with higher legislation achievements in China.As the capital,Kaifeng was the political,economic and cultural center of the Northern Song Dynasty,Kaifeng Prefecture was the administrator of the capital city.Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty held a special status with dual attributes of being local and central and was closely connected with the imperial power.The judicial activities of Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty were the epitome of the judicial activities in the Song Dynasty.The study of the judicial power of Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty is the best point of penetration for research on the judicial activities and judicial system of the Song Dynasty.Kaifeng Fu Yin,Kaifeng Mu,Pan Kaifeng Fu Shi,Quan Zhi Kaifeng Fu,and Quan Fa Qian Kaifeng Fu are different appellations of the magistrates of Kaifeng Prefecture under different circumstances.Only Prince Yin Jing was entitled Kaifeng Fu Yin,the others were Kaifeng Mu,Pan Kaifeng Fu Shi,Quan Zhi Kaifeng Fu,or Quan Fa Qian Kaifeng Fu,but were generally termed Kaifeng Fu Yin among the people.Kaifeng Prefecture enjoyed a respected status,known as "Tianfu"(Tian means heaven or god),and those who could take the office of Kaifeng Prefecture generally had a high cultural quality with both political integrity and professional competence.In the Song Dynasty,with urban economic prosperity,civil society was constantly expanding.Following the collapse of the urban Fang system,Xiang-Fang system came into being.With the establishment of Xiang,four levels of administrative agencies of Kaifeng Prefecture,Du Xiang,Xiang and Fang took shape in Kaifeng City.The establishment of Kaifeng Fu Jie Tidiansi divided Kaifeng into "within capital" and "fu jie"(meaning prefecture scope).Kaifeng Magistrate governed Kaifeng City and the suburbs,Kaifeng Fu Jie Tidiansi administrated the counties and towns in Kaifeng Prefecture.The mode of administrating of city-countryside separately replaced the mode of urban and rural condominium.The administration mode of Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty is the prototype of modern city administration.Duxiang,Xiang and Fujie all had certain jurisdiction.The establishment of these agencies reduced imprisonment and litigation pressure of Kaifeng Magistrate,making judicial resources better and optimally allocated.Chapter one analyzes the “playful interpretation” and historical facts about Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty.Kaifeng Magistrate,as the administrator of the capital,was honored as “champion of Fu”.Among the 170 magistrates with historical records,there were no lack of historical celebrities,such as Kou Zhun,Fan Zhongyan,Bao Zheng,Ouyang Xiu,LüYijian,Cheng Lin and Cai Jing.Kaifeng Magistrate was a crucial ladder to the central decision-making authority.During the Northern Song Dynasty's history of nearly 170 years,Kaifeng Prefecture played an important role in whether Xining reform or Jingkang Calamity.However,the knowledge of Kanfeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty among common people is mainly restricted to the detective dramas and fictions about Bao Zheng.The apotheosis of Bao Zheng,Kaifeng Magistrate makes people under the impression that Kaifeng Prefecture is an omnipotent judicial authority praising virtue and punishing vice that can bring trial to royal relatives and chop the heads of riffraff.The misinterpretation results from this.Chapter two introduces the historical evolution and constitution of mechanism of Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty.A total of 170 people who held the position of Kaifeng Magistrate during their 202 terms of office from the first year of Jianlong Era(960)to the seventh year of Xuanhe Era(1125)are analyzed one by one,drawing the collective characteristics of the chief administrator of Kaifeng Prefecture.Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty established Kaifeng Fu Jie Tidiansi,which was the prelude to the judicial system reform in the Song Dynasty and laid the foundation for the new pattern of judicial jurisdiction: local inspection officers,pickets in the capital criminal division and city-countryside separate jurisdiction in the prefectures.Chapter three is an introduction of the investigation,arrest and inquisition by torture of Kaifeng Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty.With Kaifeng Magistrate as the commander,the left and right military Xunshi,county Wei of the Chiji County(an official just below the head of the county),Xiang Jie Suoyou and Xunjian under its jurisdiction formed an arrest network from the village to the city.The left and right military Xunshi,county Wei,and Xiang officials were responsible for the arrest of thieves and brigands in the cities and county towns,while Xunjian were responsible for the thieves and brigands in villages and outer suburbs.Inquisition by torture in the Song Dynasty was more civilized.The torture system was precise and exquisite,specifying the subject,object and conditions of inquisition by torture.The judicial adjudication had achieved great breakthrough in the use of evidence and the status of oral confession as the king of evidence had been shaken.In some cases,as long as the evidence was irrefutable,conviction and sentence could also be made without oral confession.In the Song Dynasty,with flourishing economy and frequent commodity transaction,system of contract was well developed,and all kinds of contracts became vital evidence of civil disputes.The fourth chapter gives an account of the judicial trial and punishment of Kaifeng Magistrate in the Northern Song Dynasty.Kaifeng Magistrate had limited judicial jurisdiction.Crimes deserved punishment of whipping and flogging could be settled directly,while crimes of above imprisonment must be reported to the imperial court.In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty,Kaifeng Magistrate took the liberty of adjudication,and even the death penalty cases were not reported to the emperor.The exercise of the judicial power of Kaifeng Magistrate had not been standardized until the ruling period of Emperor Zhenzong.Due to the feudalism of family-governed monarchic country,in the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty,the capital was mainly governed by Prince Yin Jing.The political function of Kaifeng Magistrate was more important than its judicial function,so the execution of the judicial function was not so normative.In the judicial trials of the Song Dynasty lay several important systems,serving as the important internal causes for judicial civilization formation in the Song Dynasty,namely,Ju Yan Fen Si system(separation of interrogation and judgment),Fan Yi Bie Kan system(in case that the convict denied his own oral confession,the case should be handed over to other judicial authority for trial),Lu Wen system(inquisition for a second time by officials who didn't attend the first trial)and the system of senior officer doing in person.On the one hand,the implementation of these judicial systems helped avoid the occurrence of miscarriage of justice and promoted the judicial civilization and progress.On the other hand,these were the vital reason for the enduring imprisonment in the Song Dynasty.The penalty system of the Song Dynasty basically followed that of the Tang Dynasty,but also underwent significant changes.And it created the method of converting into flogging,with which as the basis,the penalty system of the Song Dynasty continuously took in the reasonable contents of the previous generations and gradually developed and improved.On the nature of the method of converting into flogging,at present,opinions vary among scholars,and this paper holds that the argument that method of converting into flogging is substitution of penalty is advisable.The penalty system of the Song Dynasty consisted of two systems of original penalty and executive penalty,and the number of the flogging when the original penalty was converted into flogging was the executive penalty.The traditional five penalties of whipping,flogging,imprisonment,exile and capital punishment were principal penalty with Pei Li(being dispatched to be slaves),Bian Guan(being dispatched to a remote prefecture and included in the local household registration)and Yi Xiang(being forced to live in other prefecture or county)as supplementary punishment.Lu Qiu(reviewing the case of a condemned person)happened frequently in Kaifeng Prefecture,which were mostly conducted by the royal relatives.The contents of Lu Qiu were mainly pardoning,and redressing unjust verdicts or shortening jail time sometimes.One of the features of administration of prison affairs of Kaifeng Prefecture was the frequent reports of prison being empty.The prisons under the jurisdiction of Kaifeng Magistrate were Junxunyuan prison,Silusi prison,Xiang prison and county prison,among which prison being empty of Kaifeng Prefecture specially referred to the left and right Junxunyuan prison and Silusi prison.The so-called prison being empty didn't mean the prison was really without a prisoner,but that all the detained cases had been settled.Reporting prison being empty to the emperor would get generous rewards,which led to making false reports of prison being empty.Kaifeng Prefecture achieved remarkable political accomplishments and enjoys imperishable reputation.There are three reasons for it: firstly,those who held the position of Kaifeng Magistrate generally had both political integrity and professional competence;secondly,Kaifeng Magistrate acted decisively and efficiently combining punishment with leniency;thirdly,Kaifeng Magistrate conducted strict supervision.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D929
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2017-03-16
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