中国近现代合会研究——以法文化的视角

China's modern RCAs study - to France cultural perspective

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

官正艳

导师:

曾代伟

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

中国近代合会 标会 民间金融组织 法文化 法制史

摘要:

合会是旧时民间自愿组成的以关于金钱等财物融通为主的互助性临时组织。其组织主要在亲朋、乡邻之间,取聚少成多的便利,依靠多数人的出资,筹集资金,以应急需。此后,组织者分期返还,其他入会者仍继续出资,其所得公共集资派于一人,直至每一入会者均收回出资为止。合会既有储蓄之利,又能尽朋友相助之谊,深合中国国情,因此在民间流行甚广。目前所见,关于合会的资料始见于清末和民国时期。 从法制史的角度看,合会的形成与发展有着深厚的人文背景,是一种建立在人际关系基础上的经济关系。它包括一系列比较特殊的规则,是一种极具中国传统特色的民事法律习惯。本文拟以法文化的视角对民国时期和现代合会的纠纷处理情况作一些初步研究,同时通过这个微观角度分析合会习惯法与国家制定法的关系。全文由导言、正文和结束语三部分组成。其中正文部分包括四章。 第一章:合会概述。本章首先探讨了合会的由来,“合会”一词,最早见于民国时期几位学者的著述,它是一种民间自治互助组织,关于合会的起源,正史没有记载。因此,只能根据相关的资料推断合会起源于我国古代民间的自治互助团体——“社”,“社”起源于古人对土地的崇拜和上古祭祀。之后,论述了合会的分类及民间合会习惯。学者李金铮将合会分为四类:储蓄类、保险类、慈善类和借贷类。而在各类合会中,组织形式最完备,经营形态最发达,数量最多的,当属借贷类合会。这是本文的主要研究对象。借贷类合刽安得会的方法可分为标会、摇会和轮会。民间合会的种类虽多,却具有贯穿于所有合会契约的共性,这就是民间合会习惯。合会习惯分为个别性合会和团体性合会。 第二章:民国时期合会纠纷处理实践。本章首先论述了习俗视野中的合会,以此为本章后面论述的各种法庭上之合会行为设置坐标。习俗视野中的合会是互助性质的,它在前商业逻辑的主导下(其存在背景为完全没有被商品经济入侵的熟人社会)尚未受到市场经济逻辑(其存在背景为商品经济社会)的侵蚀,习俗中的“面子”机制发挥着主导作用,有效地控制着合会的运转。这种“面子”机制是指熟人社会特有的社会网络控制模式。在熟人社会中,每个人都处于与自己熟悉的人所形成的网络中心,所有活动几乎都是在“关系”的网络中展开和进行的,与熟人和谐相处,靠的是人情面子。在这样的场域中,“人情”是人们必须遵守的游戏规则,而人情背后“无形的手”——面子就对人的行为具有约束力。随着商品经济的冲击,这种“面子”机制开始遭到市场经济逻辑的侵蚀,逐渐暴露出有限性,会员欠逃会款甚至倒会的情况屡见不鲜,这时单纯依靠习俗调整显然不能解决合会面临的新问题,于是会员把目光投向法庭,寻求国家司法的帮助。本章通过对四个案卷记录的分析,阐述了合会的特殊性和复杂性。多种多样的诉状为我们同时显示了民间习俗和法律实践,并有助于进一步阐明前商业逻辑和市场经济逻辑两者在合会中的纠缠,以及合会如何逐渐由民间走向国家法律的视野。 第三章:我国大陆与台湾地区合会立法、纠纷处理情况及评析。本章通过类比性论述探讨了我国大陆及台湾合会的立法及纠纷处理情况,并分别加以了评析。在改革开放后的大陆,市场经济的潮流席卷了每一个角落,市场经济逻辑正全方位的占领、改造着传统的熟人社会,合会这种古老的制度也发生了部分质变,已不是传统意义上的合会。同时,在传统向现代转型的社会中,仅仅依靠合会的内在制度难以排除机会主义行为,社会流动性的增强使得传统的“面子"机制在防止机会主义行为上显得苍白无力。并且中国现行的法律法规对民间合会所出现的问题缺乏明确具体的定性和处置办法,因此倒会事件频频发生,合会正在一条畸形的道路上徘徊。台湾地区的合会已经完成了法制化的进程。台湾合会在法制化过程中,注重对民间习惯的调查,并将其作为立法的重要参考,从而“使‘民法’更具中国特色,成为符合国情及人民生活习俗的‘法典’。”这种深入调查民间习惯,让“民法”与中国具体国情相结合,而不是不做调查,简单的生搬几个外国法律制度进来的做法,值得我们今天大陆民法典起草者们借鉴。 第四章:合会法律制度的整合。本章首先从习惯法与制定法的关系入手探讨合会法制化的必要性。众所周知,市场规范和制度建构除理性的设计外,还包含一些非理性的社会因素,习俗就是其中之一。因此要重视习俗的客观存在,不能简单的否定它。但习俗只是一种“软控制”,人们如果过度依赖习俗,纯粹依赖包含在习俗中的道德软约束,就会像合会崩会那样使情况变得更糟。所以单纯的禁止合会或任其自然发展的做法都是不妥的。针对大陆目前国家法律对民间合会与金融欺诈的界定方面仍然有很多空白的情况,我们的立法、司法部门应该考虑将习俗纳入国家法律制度的框架中,使合会能够在国家法律的正式界定下得到保护,把合会纳入到国家法律的强制性“硬控制”中。适时借鉴台湾地区合会法制化的经验,将合会引向制定法律的殿堂,属当务之急。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

官正艳. 中国近现代合会研究——以法文化的视角[D]. ,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 中国近现代合会研究——以法文化的视角
  • dc.title
  • China's modern RCAs study - to France cultural perspective
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 2004050
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 官正艳
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 曾代伟
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 中国近代合会 标会 民间金融组织 法文化 法制史
  • dc.subject
  • Chinese modern Cooperation The standard will be Financial organization Legal Culture Legal History
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 合会是旧时民间自愿组成的以关于金钱等财物融通为主的互助性临时组织。其组织主要在亲朋、乡邻之间,取聚少成多的便利,依靠多数人的出资,筹集资金,以应急需。此后,组织者分期返还,其他入会者仍继续出资,其所得公共集资派于一人,直至每一入会者均收回出资为止。合会既有储蓄之利,又能尽朋友相助之谊,深合中国国情,因此在民间流行甚广。目前所见,关于合会的资料始见于清末和民国时期。 从法制史的角度看,合会的形成与发展有着深厚的人文背景,是一种建立在人际关系基础上的经济关系。它包括一系列比较特殊的规则,是一种极具中国传统特色的民事法律习惯。本文拟以法文化的视角对民国时期和现代合会的纠纷处理情况作一些初步研究,同时通过这个微观角度分析合会习惯法与国家制定法的关系。全文由导言、正文和结束语三部分组成。其中正文部分包括四章。 第一章:合会概述。本章首先探讨了合会的由来,“合会”一词,最早见于民国时期几位学者的著述,它是一种民间自治互助组织,关于合会的起源,正史没有记载。因此,只能根据相关的资料推断合会起源于我国古代民间的自治互助团体——“社”,“社”起源于古人对土地的崇拜和上古祭祀。之后,论述了合会的分类及民间合会习惯。学者李金铮将合会分为四类:储蓄类、保险类、慈善类和借贷类。而在各类合会中,组织形式最完备,经营形态最发达,数量最多的,当属借贷类合会。这是本文的主要研究对象。借贷类合刽安得会的方法可分为标会、摇会和轮会。民间合会的种类虽多,却具有贯穿于所有合会契约的共性,这就是民间合会习惯。合会习惯分为个别性合会和团体性合会。 第二章:民国时期合会纠纷处理实践。本章首先论述了习俗视野中的合会,以此为本章后面论述的各种法庭上之合会行为设置坐标。习俗视野中的合会是互助性质的,它在前商业逻辑的主导下(其存在背景为完全没有被商品经济入侵的熟人社会)尚未受到市场经济逻辑(其存在背景为商品经济社会)的侵蚀,习俗中的“面子”机制发挥着主导作用,有效地控制着合会的运转。这种“面子”机制是指熟人社会特有的社会网络控制模式。在熟人社会中,每个人都处于与自己熟悉的人所形成的网络中心,所有活动几乎都是在“关系”的网络中展开和进行的,与熟人和谐相处,靠的是人情面子。在这样的场域中,“人情”是人们必须遵守的游戏规则,而人情背后“无形的手”——面子就对人的行为具有约束力。随着商品经济的冲击,这种“面子”机制开始遭到市场经济逻辑的侵蚀,逐渐暴露出有限性,会员欠逃会款甚至倒会的情况屡见不鲜,这时单纯依靠习俗调整显然不能解决合会面临的新问题,于是会员把目光投向法庭,寻求国家司法的帮助。本章通过对四个案卷记录的分析,阐述了合会的特殊性和复杂性。多种多样的诉状为我们同时显示了民间习俗和法律实践,并有助于进一步阐明前商业逻辑和市场经济逻辑两者在合会中的纠缠,以及合会如何逐渐由民间走向国家法律的视野。 第三章:我国大陆与台湾地区合会立法、纠纷处理情况及评析。本章通过类比性论述探讨了我国大陆及台湾合会的立法及纠纷处理情况,并分别加以了评析。在改革开放后的大陆,市场经济的潮流席卷了每一个角落,市场经济逻辑正全方位的占领、改造着传统的熟人社会,合会这种古老的制度也发生了部分质变,已不是传统意义上的合会。同时,在传统向现代转型的社会中,仅仅依靠合会的内在制度难以排除机会主义行为,社会流动性的增强使得传统的“面子"机制在防止机会主义行为上显得苍白无力。并且中国现行的法律法规对民间合会所出现的问题缺乏明确具体的定性和处置办法,因此倒会事件频频发生,合会正在一条畸形的道路上徘徊。台湾地区的合会已经完成了法制化的进程。台湾合会在法制化过程中,注重对民间习惯的调查,并将其作为立法的重要参考,从而“使‘民法’更具中国特色,成为符合国情及人民生活习俗的‘法典’。”这种深入调查民间习惯,让“民法”与中国具体国情相结合,而不是不做调查,简单的生搬几个外国法律制度进来的做法,值得我们今天大陆民法典起草者们借鉴。 第四章:合会法律制度的整合。本章首先从习惯法与制定法的关系入手探讨合会法制化的必要性。众所周知,市场规范和制度建构除理性的设计外,还包含一些非理性的社会因素,习俗就是其中之一。因此要重视习俗的客观存在,不能简单的否定它。但习俗只是一种“软控制”,人们如果过度依赖习俗,纯粹依赖包含在习俗中的道德软约束,就会像合会崩会那样使情况变得更糟。所以单纯的禁止合会或任其自然发展的做法都是不妥的。针对大陆目前国家法律对民间合会与金融欺诈的界定方面仍然有很多空白的情况,我们的立法、司法部门应该考虑将习俗纳入国家法律制度的框架中,使合会能够在国家法律的正式界定下得到保护,把合会纳入到国家法律的强制性“硬控制”中。适时借鉴台湾地区合会法制化的经验,将合会引向制定法律的殿堂,属当务之急。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • RCAs old folk voluntary mutual aid money and other property facilities-based temporary organization. Their organization between friends, neighbors, taking poly less into more convenient to rely on the contribution of the majority of people, to raise funds in case of emergency. Since then, the organizers phased return of the other Those joining continue to finance the public fund-raising of their income to send one, until each of the membership thereof to recover the invested so far. Benefit of the RCAs both savings, but also best friends to help, friendship, deep together with China's national conditions, in a popular wide. At present see, the information on the RCAs before seen in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. From the perspective of legal history, or the formation and development have a profound cultural background, interpersonal relationships on the basis of economic relations. It includes a series of special rules, is a highly traditional characteristics of civil law practices. This article is intended to the French cultural perspective on the disputes of the Republic of China and the modern combined processing of some preliminary research, through the microscopic point of view to analyze the relationship of co customary law and the State Law. The full text of the introduction, body and conclusion. Which body part includes four chapters. Chapter I: co-Overview. This chapter first discusses the origin of Cooperation, "Cooperation", was first seen in the writings of several scholars of the Republic of China, it is a civil self-government mutual aid organizations, the origin of Cooperation, the official history does not record. Therefore, only in accordance with the relevant information infer the origin of the RCAs in the autonomy of self-help organizations of China's ancient folk - "Society" and "social" origin in the ancient worship of the land and ancient ritual. Discusses the classification of RCAs and civil co-habit. Scholars, social upheaval and bad together will be divided into four categories: savings, insurance, charitable class and borrowing class. All kinds of Cooperation in the form of organization is the most comprehensive, the most developed business form the largest number, undoubtedly the borrowing class together. This is the main object of study. Borrowing class together executioner security will be divided into standard will shake and the wheels are. Although many types of civil Cooperation, but throughout the commonality of the contract for all, this is civil co-habit. Together will often be divided into individual RCAs and groups Cooperation. Chapter II: The Republic of China together will dispute handling practices. This chapter first discusses the Cooperation in customs perspective, discussed later in this chapter on Cooperation behavior in a variety of court settings coordinates. Cooperation in customs vision is a mutual aid in nature, it is the first under the auspices of the business logic (the existence of the background there is no invasion of the commodity economy acquaintances social) market economy logic has not been (and background for the economic and social goods), erosion The custom of "face" mechanism to play a leading role in effective control of the operation of RCAs. The mechanism of this "face" is a unique social network of acquaintances, social control mode. Acquaintance society, everyone in the center of the network with the people they are familiar with almost all activities are in the network of "relationship" conducted to get along in harmony with acquaintances, the human face. In the Field, "human" is the people must abide by the rules of the game, the human behind the "invisible hand" - the face of human behavior binding. With the impact of the commodity economy, the mechanism of this "face" has been the erosion of the market economy logic, gradually revealed limited, members owe the escape will shall even pour will not uncommon, then simply rely on custom adjustment is clearly not the co- will face new problems, so members sights on the court to seek the help of the national justice. This chapter through the analysis of the four files recorded on the particularity and complexity of Cooperation. Many complaint also shows us the folk customs and legal practices, and help to further elucidate the entanglement of the former business logic and the market economy logic both in the RCAs, and RCAs gradually toward the vision of national laws by the private sector . Chapter Three: China Mainland and Taiwan region together legislation, disputes and Comments. This chapter discussed in analogy to explore the mainland China and Taiwan Cooperation legislation and disputes were to be of. In mainland China after the reform and opening up, the trend of the market economy swept through every corner of the logic of market economy is a full range of occupation and transform the traditional society of acquaintances together this ancient system is also part of a qualitative change, is not in the traditional sense on RCAs. Meanwhile, the traditional to the modern transformation of society, relying solely on the internal system of Cooperation is difficult to rule out opportunistic behavior, enhance social mobility makes the traditional "face" mechanism in the prevention of opportunistic behavior and feeble. China's existing laws and regulations and to the lack of clear and specific qualitative and disposal problems of the Folk Hop Club would prefer the frequent occurrence of wandering on the RCAs is a deformity of the road. Cooperation of the Taiwan region has completed the process of legalization. Taiwan Cooperation in the legalization process, focusing on the investigation of the folk customs, and as a legislative reference, in order to make the 'civil law' more with Chinese characteristics, as in line with national conditions and customs of life of the people 'Codex'. "This in-depth investigation of civil habits, so that the Civil Code combining with China's specific national conditions, rather than not to survey the students to move come in the practice of several foreign legal system, it is worth to us today continental civil code drafters draw. Chapter 4: RCAs integration of the legal system. This chapter begins from the relationship of customary law and statutory law to start the need to explore the co-legalization. As we all know, market norms and institutions construct addition to rational design, but also contains some non-rational social factors, customs is one of them. Therefore, attention should be paid customs objective existence, not simply deny it. But the custom is only a "soft control", if people over-reliance on custom, relying solely on the moral soft constraints included in the customs, it will be like as together will collapse will make the situation worse. Therefore, a simple ban RCAs or any of its natural development practices are inappropriate. The framework of the mainland state law the definition of non-governmental cooperation and financial fraud, there are still many gaps, the legislative, the judiciary should take into account the customs into the national legal system, co-official national laws defined be protected, will be co-integrated into the national laws of the mandatory "hard control". Timely to learn from the experience of the legal system in Taiwan together, will co-lead law-making halls is a top priority.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D929
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2007-05-22
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