英国普通法与衡平法之比较研究——以救济方式为视角

The British common law and equity law comparative study -- to relief angle

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归属院系:

法学院

作者:

唐丹

导师:

杨丽英

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

普通法 衡平法 救济方式 比较法学

摘要:

普通法(Common Law)与衡平法(Equity)同是英美法系国家法律的两大渊源,两者与制定法(Statute Law)一起架构了整个英美法系国家法律的框架。普通法是指12世纪前后由英国的普通法院创立并发展起来的一套通行于全国的法律规则;衡平法则是英国于14世纪左右由大法官在审判实践的基础上发展起来的一整套法律规则,因其以“公平”、“正义”为基础,故名。 普通法与衡平法在许多方面都存在着差异,国内外学术界对普通法与衡平法的比较这一课题的研究也较多,但是多以宏观的角度全面地进行比较。本文则旨在从细微处入手,单就两者的救济方式进行细节上的比较。 普通法的救济方式很少,主要就是损害赔偿金(damages),这种救济方式在简单商品经济时期很实用,体现其快捷,简便,适用范围广之特点:衡平法是在英国经济结构趋于复杂化的时期诞生的,彼时遭受损失的人已不满足于金钱上的救济,他们索求的是更多样的,更具体的,更有针对性的救济,于是衡平救济应运而生。普通法与衡平法并存了数世纪,普通救济与衡平救济也同台竞技了数世纪,为什么单一的损害赔偿金最终并没有被多样灵活的衡平救济取代?为什么衡平救济始终位列候补席?1875年之后,普通法与衡平法融合,不再有普通法院与衡平法院之分,那普通救济与衡平救济的适用情况又是怎样?进入21世纪,各式各样新的诉讼形式出现,普通救济与衡平救济又怎样来适应这些新的情况,怎样为遭受损失的人谋求最大的公平?这些问题都是本文想要论述与探讨的问题。 本文主要包括以下六个部分: 引论主要梳理普通法和衡平法产生发展的大体脉络,简单介绍两者的主要特点,并指出救济是整个英国法体系中非常重要的一个环节,而通过对救济方式的理解和研究可以对普通法与衡平法之间的关系有较为直观的了解和认识。 第一部分主要是介绍普通法和普通法上的救济以及普通法经过全盛期后遭遇到的巨大困境。1066年,诺曼公爵威廉征服英国,建立诺曼王朝,英国进入封建时期,而英国法也自此正式登上历史舞台。从威廉一世执政到爱德华一世执政这两百余年的时间是英国的普通法产生和发展的时期。 威廉一世,亨利一世,亨利二世以及爱德华一世这几位有作为的国王对普通法的产生和发展起到了不同程度的推动与促进作用,使之得以在罗马法复兴的巨大浪潮下独辟蹊径,形成了独特的概念,原则和理念。普通法上的救济方式是损害赔偿金,这种方式尽管单一,但是在简单商品经济时期却具有无与伦比的广泛适用性,几乎可以适用于当时可能发生的所有案件。随着社会的发展,经济的增长,这种单一的救济方式逐渐无法满足人们的救济需求,加上普通法在程序和内容上的缺陷,普通法的发展遭遇了前所未有的困境,这些困境单凭普通法自身的调节已无法应对,急需外力介入来使普通法度过这个难关。 第二部分首先分析了衡平法兴起的原因与过程,指出它是肩负着补普通法之不足这一使命而诞生的。其后介绍了衡平法上的几种救济方式,包括特别履行,禁令,接管人,废除,改正以及返还。最后分析了衡平法的特点,作用以及地位,指出衡平法尽管具有简便和灵活的特性,在应对新型案件的场合显得游刃有余,尽管在出色地完成了补普通法之不足的历史使命的基础上还通过自身的发展推进了整个英国法的发展,尽管拥有相对普通法来说更多样且更具针对性的救济方式,更好地满足了人们的救济需求,但是却始终处于“从规则”的地位,就算在1615年与普通法的正面交锋中取得了胜利,却还是无法取普通法而代之,反而逐渐吸收了普通法的遵循先例原则,最终成为了英国判例法的一部分。 第三部分首先简单介绍了1875年普通法与衡平法的融合,英国结束了数百年来两种法院体系并存的司法体制,通过司法改革将普通法院和衡平法院融入同一个法院体系下。在这一部分后面的篇幅中,笔者以两个较为典型的案例为例分析了普通救济与衡平救济在1875年后的适用情况,并指出尽管普通法与衡平法两大渊源在理论上业已融合,但是这种融合其实仅仅是形式上的融合,普通法与衡平法的区别仍然存在,尤其是在救济方式的适用方面。 第四部分主要是以案例分析的形式来展示普通法和衡平法进入现代之后救济方式的改进和创新。尽管普通法因稳定而僵化,但是它仍在救济这一环节上竭力改进以适应新的时代发展要求,笔者通过契约法和侵权法领域的几个典型案例指出普通法在救济方式方面的改进是卓有成效的,但是因普通法之特性,这种改进不可避免地只能以循序渐进的方式缓慢进行。而灵活的衡平法在这方面的成就则是可以以“辉煌”来形容,笔者以玛利华禁令和安东·皮勒命令这两个典型的案例分析了衡平救济的适用规则在现代的创新,指出衡平法仍在很尽责地履行其使命,以快捷和灵活来弥补着普通法改进的缓慢。最后,笔者指出,不论是普通法稳定而缓慢的改进还是衡平法果断而富于灵性的创新,都是为了更好地适应时代的发展要求来为当事人谋求最大的公平。 本文的结语部分主要概况总结了本文的主要内容和观点,重申了可以将对救济方式的研究作为探寻英国普通法和衡平法之间关系的视角,并指出19世纪司法改革对普通法和衡平法进行的融合使得两者能够更好地发展和相互影响。而普通法和衡平法各自的特性和两者之间的特殊的关系又使得英国法能够协调发展,既维系着英国人引以为傲的历史连续性,又使之能够及时地做出调整与改进,从而始终能赶上时代的步伐。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

唐丹. 英国普通法与衡平法之比较研究——以救济方式为视角[D]. ,2007.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 英国普通法与衡平法之比较研究——以救济方式为视角
  • dc.title
  • The British common law and equity law comparative study -- to relief angle
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20040000181
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 唐丹
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2007
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 杨丽英
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 普通法 衡平法 救济方式 比较法学
  • dc.subject
  • The common law; Heng Pingfa; relief; comparative law;
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 普通法(Common Law)与衡平法(Equity)同是英美法系国家法律的两大渊源,两者与制定法(Statute Law)一起架构了整个英美法系国家法律的框架。普通法是指12世纪前后由英国的普通法院创立并发展起来的一套通行于全国的法律规则;衡平法则是英国于14世纪左右由大法官在审判实践的基础上发展起来的一整套法律规则,因其以“公平”、“正义”为基础,故名。 普通法与衡平法在许多方面都存在着差异,国内外学术界对普通法与衡平法的比较这一课题的研究也较多,但是多以宏观的角度全面地进行比较。本文则旨在从细微处入手,单就两者的救济方式进行细节上的比较。 普通法的救济方式很少,主要就是损害赔偿金(damages),这种救济方式在简单商品经济时期很实用,体现其快捷,简便,适用范围广之特点:衡平法是在英国经济结构趋于复杂化的时期诞生的,彼时遭受损失的人已不满足于金钱上的救济,他们索求的是更多样的,更具体的,更有针对性的救济,于是衡平救济应运而生。普通法与衡平法并存了数世纪,普通救济与衡平救济也同台竞技了数世纪,为什么单一的损害赔偿金最终并没有被多样灵活的衡平救济取代?为什么衡平救济始终位列候补席?1875年之后,普通法与衡平法融合,不再有普通法院与衡平法院之分,那普通救济与衡平救济的适用情况又是怎样?进入21世纪,各式各样新的诉讼形式出现,普通救济与衡平救济又怎样来适应这些新的情况,怎样为遭受损失的人谋求最大的公平?这些问题都是本文想要论述与探讨的问题。 本文主要包括以下六个部分: 引论主要梳理普通法和衡平法产生发展的大体脉络,简单介绍两者的主要特点,并指出救济是整个英国法体系中非常重要的一个环节,而通过对救济方式的理解和研究可以对普通法与衡平法之间的关系有较为直观的了解和认识。 第一部分主要是介绍普通法和普通法上的救济以及普通法经过全盛期后遭遇到的巨大困境。1066年,诺曼公爵威廉征服英国,建立诺曼王朝,英国进入封建时期,而英国法也自此正式登上历史舞台。从威廉一世执政到爱德华一世执政这两百余年的时间是英国的普通法产生和发展的时期。 威廉一世,亨利一世,亨利二世以及爱德华一世这几位有作为的国王对普通法的产生和发展起到了不同程度的推动与促进作用,使之得以在罗马法复兴的巨大浪潮下独辟蹊径,形成了独特的概念,原则和理念。普通法上的救济方式是损害赔偿金,这种方式尽管单一,但是在简单商品经济时期却具有无与伦比的广泛适用性,几乎可以适用于当时可能发生的所有案件。随着社会的发展,经济的增长,这种单一的救济方式逐渐无法满足人们的救济需求,加上普通法在程序和内容上的缺陷,普通法的发展遭遇了前所未有的困境,这些困境单凭普通法自身的调节已无法应对,急需外力介入来使普通法度过这个难关。 第二部分首先分析了衡平法兴起的原因与过程,指出它是肩负着补普通法之不足这一使命而诞生的。其后介绍了衡平法上的几种救济方式,包括特别履行,禁令,接管人,废除,改正以及返还。最后分析了衡平法的特点,作用以及地位,指出衡平法尽管具有简便和灵活的特性,在应对新型案件的场合显得游刃有余,尽管在出色地完成了补普通法之不足的历史使命的基础上还通过自身的发展推进了整个英国法的发展,尽管拥有相对普通法来说更多样且更具针对性的救济方式,更好地满足了人们的救济需求,但是却始终处于“从规则”的地位,就算在1615年与普通法的正面交锋中取得了胜利,却还是无法取普通法而代之,反而逐渐吸收了普通法的遵循先例原则,最终成为了英国判例法的一部分。 第三部分首先简单介绍了1875年普通法与衡平法的融合,英国结束了数百年来两种法院体系并存的司法体制,通过司法改革将普通法院和衡平法院融入同一个法院体系下。在这一部分后面的篇幅中,笔者以两个较为典型的案例为例分析了普通救济与衡平救济在1875年后的适用情况,并指出尽管普通法与衡平法两大渊源在理论上业已融合,但是这种融合其实仅仅是形式上的融合,普通法与衡平法的区别仍然存在,尤其是在救济方式的适用方面。 第四部分主要是以案例分析的形式来展示普通法和衡平法进入现代之后救济方式的改进和创新。尽管普通法因稳定而僵化,但是它仍在救济这一环节上竭力改进以适应新的时代发展要求,笔者通过契约法和侵权法领域的几个典型案例指出普通法在救济方式方面的改进是卓有成效的,但是因普通法之特性,这种改进不可避免地只能以循序渐进的方式缓慢进行。而灵活的衡平法在这方面的成就则是可以以“辉煌”来形容,笔者以玛利华禁令和安东·皮勒命令这两个典型的案例分析了衡平救济的适用规则在现代的创新,指出衡平法仍在很尽责地履行其使命,以快捷和灵活来弥补着普通法改进的缓慢。最后,笔者指出,不论是普通法稳定而缓慢的改进还是衡平法果断而富于灵性的创新,都是为了更好地适应时代的发展要求来为当事人谋求最大的公平。 本文的结语部分主要概况总结了本文的主要内容和观点,重申了可以将对救济方式的研究作为探寻英国普通法和衡平法之间关系的视角,并指出19世纪司法改革对普通法和衡平法进行的融合使得两者能够更好地发展和相互影响。而普通法和衡平法各自的特性和两者之间的特殊的关系又使得英国法能够协调发展,既维系着英国人引以为傲的历史连续性,又使之能够及时地做出调整与改进,从而始终能赶上时代的步伐。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Common law and equity law ( Common Law ) ( Equity ) with Anglo-American law two sources, both of them and the law ( Statute Law ) together with the architecture the Anglo-American legal framework. The common law is defined around twelfth Century by the British General Court created and developed a set of traffic in the country's legal rule; balance law is England in about fourteenth Century of judges in the judicial practice on the basis of the development of a complete set of legal rules, due to its" fair"," justice" as the foundation, named. The common law and equity law in many aspects there are differences, the domestic and foreign academic circles on the common law and equity law comparative research on this topic is more also, but more to the macroscopical angle comprehensive comparison. This paper from the subtle to start with, the single both relief way for the detail of the comparison. Common law relief way to be very few, mainly damages ( damages ), the relief way in simple commodity economy period is very practical, reflects its fast, simple, and a wide range of features: equity is in the structure of the British economy tends to be complex period is born, it suffered the loss of people are not satisfied with the money the relief, they claim is more diverse, more specific, more targeted relief, then emerge as the times require equitable remedy. The common law and equity law coexisted for centuries, the ordinary relief and equitable relief also competed for centuries, why single damages and eventually was not flexible equitable relief to replace? Why equitable relief always ranked alternate seats? After 1875, the common law and equity law of fusion, there is no longer common court and the court of Chancery the points, the general relief and equitable relief applicable circumstance how? Enter twenty-first Century, every kind of new lawsuit form, the common remedy and equitable relief and how to adapt to the new situation, how to suffer a loss of people seek the biggest fair? These questions are discussed and explored the problem this paper wanted. This paper mainly includes the following six parts: the introduction mainly combs the common law and equity law of the emergence and development of main structure, introduces the two main characteristics, and points out that the relief is the British law system is very important one link, and the relief way to understand and study the common law and equity law of the relationship have a more intuitive understanding and understanding. The first part is mainly to introduce the common law and the common law and the common law relief after the heyday of later encounters great dilemma. In 1066, Duke Norman William conquest of England, established the Norman Dynasty, the British entered the feudal period, but the English law from the formal stage of history. From William 's ruling to the reign of Edward Thi the two hundred years of time is the common law of England produces and development period. William I, Henry I, Henry II and Edward Thi that a few as king on the birth and development of the common law to some extent drive with stimulative action, so that they can be revived in Rome by the wave of independent, forming a unique concept, principles and philosophy. Common law remedy is damages, this way despite the single, but in simple commodity economy period has incomparable in wide applicability, can almost was then applied to all possible cases. With the development of society, economic growth, this single relief way gradually unable to meet people's relief needs, coupled with the common law in the procedure and content of the defect, the development of the common law had hitherto unknown difficulties, these difficulties by common law to regulate itself has been unable to cope with the external force, need to spend in common law this difficulty. The second part firstly analyzed the reasons for the rise of equity and process, and it is pointed out that the shoulder s common law is insufficient for this mission and the birth of. Then the paper introduces equitable several relief, including special performance, ban, receiver, abolish, correct and return of. Finally it analyzes the equity characteristics, function and position, point out equity law although has the advantages of simple and flexible characteristics, in response to the new cases of situations do a job with skill and ease, although in the completed an excellent supplement the inadequacy of the common historical mission on the basis of the own development through promoting the British law development, although have compared with ordinary method more and more targeted relief way, to better satisfy people's relief needs, but always in the" rules " status, even in1615and common law confrontation in victory, but was unable to take the common law and acting, but gradually absorbed the ordinary method the principle of stare decisis, eventually became part of British case law. The third part firstly introduces the1875law and equity fusion, UK over hundreds of years for the court system to coexist in the judicial system, the judicial reform will be the common court and the court of Chancery in the same court system. Later in this section length, taking two typical case as an example to analyze the general relief and equitable relief in 1875 after the suitable situation, and pointed out that despite the common law and equity law two origins in theory have fused, but this fusion is simply the form of fusion, the common law and equity difference still exist, especially in the relief way application. The fourth part is mainly based on case analysis to show the form of common law and equity into the modern way of relief after the improvement and the innovation. Although the average method is stable and rigid, but it is still in the relief of this link to improvement in order to adapt to the new requirements of the development of the times, according to contract law and tort law field of several typical case that common law in relief ways improvement is very fruitful, but due to the characteristics of common law, this inevitably can only be improved gradual way slow. Flexible Equity achievements in this area is to be" brilliant" to describe, the author with Mary Hua ban and Anton Peele ordered the two typical cases analysis of equitable relief rules applicable in the modern innovation, points out that law is still in very responsible to fulfill its mission, in a fast and flexible. Make up a common method to improve the slow. Finally, the author points out, it is common method is stable and slow improvement or equitable decisive and inspirational innovation, is to better adapt to the development of the times demand for parties to seek the biggest fair. In the conclusion part of this paper mainly overview summarizes the main content and viewpoint, reiterated to remedy can be studied as exploring the British common law and equity law the relationship between angle of view, and pointed out that in nineteenth Century the judicial reform to the common law and equity law of fusion allows both to better develop and influence each other. While the common law and equity law of their respective characteristics and the special relationship between the two and made the British law to be able to coordinate development, while maintaining a British people are proud of the historical continuity, and make timely adjustments to make and improvement, thus always to catch up with the pace of the times.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D909.9
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2007-05-20
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