预约法律问题研究

Research on the Legal Problem of Pre-contract

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作者:

王梦娇

导师:

侯国跃

导师单位:

民商法学院(知识产权学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

其他

关键词:

预约;本约;违约责任;缔约过失责任

摘要:

契约随着经济的繁荣重要地位愈加凸显。对契约的保护也逐渐延伸至契约成立生效之前、履行完毕之后,而非仅关注契约生效期间。先契约义务与后契约义务的提出即为例证。然而根据我国现有立法,对缔约前谈判、磋商阶段当事人信赖利益的保护主要为缔约过失责任,若符合侵权责任的法定构成要件,亦可诉诸《侵权责任法》的保护。由于二者具有法定性及被动性的特点,对当事人利益的保护稍显不周。预约的出现则一定程度上克服了缔约过失责任的不足,改事后被动保护为事前主动预防,同时也最大限度地尊重了当事人的契约自由与意思自治。除引言与结语,本文从预约的起源至立法展望,分为五部分:第一部分为预约的起源与演变。本文侧重于大陆法系上预约的研究。首先从罗马法上的要物契约入手,从其无偿性与要物性的特点出发,探求预约为缓解要物契约之要物性而产生的背景。随后,从首个将预约“入法”的法国开始,展现德国、日本、瑞士等国的先进立法成果以供借鉴,并对预约从与特定契约相结合到一般规定、适用范围逐渐扩大的演变历程及原因进行了总结分析。第二部分重点探讨预约的类型与认定。从预约的定义、本质、特征及构成要件方面先对预约进行认定。确认预约的本质为合同,以将来订约的意思表示为根本构成要件,内容需具确定性,否则难谓预约。在类型概括部分,介绍了法国、美国及我国学者的观点,并在此基础上思考以新的标准——“以当事人是否对所负义务有约定”对预约进行类型划分,分为“约定义务的预约”与“未约定义务的预约”。又将预约与意向书、附生效条件的合同、本约等易混概念作了比较,以清晰预约的概念。第三部分预约的效力,是预约问题中最具争议的部分。此部分围绕预约的效力基础、当事人所负义务、违约责任及效力期间展开。比较不同观点后,提出在当事人对所负义务未做约定时,仍应采“必须缔约说”。预约之本质为合同,其违约责任的归责原则应与一般合同一致,采无过错责任原则。而《合同法》规定的违约责任形式及免责事由,除继续履行不适用于约定为磋商义务的预约外,其他均可适用于预约。当然,继续履行应慎用且须满足法定限制条件。对于预约的效力期间当事人可自行约定,未作约定的则以6个月为宜,督促当事人及时缔约。第四部分从法院对待预约的态度观察预约在我国的现状。本文以中国法院网(网址:http://www.chinacourt.org/index.shtml)2013年度刊载的180个预约案例为对象,对法院认定预约的标准、对预约效力的态度及违约责任的处理三方面作出归纳分析。一份协议是否含有当事人将来另缔新约的意思表示是法院认定预约的标准,对当事人所负义务倾向于采“必须缔约说”。在违约责任的承担上与一般合同无异,只对继续履行的适用意见不一,但多数法院认为可予适用。 第五部分探讨预约入法的必要性及立法展望。本文从现有立法存在的预约概念界定不清、效力规定不明问题入手,结合实践需要及预约自身特性,有针对性地提出完善建议。本文建议将预约入法,规定在《合同法》总则或民法典债编总则为妥。还设计出立法建议稿,以期对我国法治的完善尽份绵薄之力。

学科:

民商法学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

王梦娇. 预约法律问题研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2015.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 预约法律问题研究
  • dc.title
  • Research on the Legal Problem of Pre-contract
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20130052011280
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王梦娇
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2015
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 侯国跃
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院(知识产权学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 预约;本约;违约责任;缔约过失责任
  • dc.subject
  • pre-contract;contract;liability of breaching the contract;the contracting fault liability
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 契约随着经济的繁荣重要地位愈加凸显。对契约的保护也逐渐延伸至契约成立生效之前、履行完毕之后,而非仅关注契约生效期间。先契约义务与后契约义务的提出即为例证。然而根据我国现有立法,对缔约前谈判、磋商阶段当事人信赖利益的保护主要为缔约过失责任,若符合侵权责任的法定构成要件,亦可诉诸《侵权责任法》的保护。由于二者具有法定性及被动性的特点,对当事人利益的保护稍显不周。预约的出现则一定程度上克服了缔约过失责任的不足,改事后被动保护为事前主动预防,同时也最大限度地尊重了当事人的契约自由与意思自治。除引言与结语,本文从预约的起源至立法展望,分为五部分:第一部分为预约的起源与演变。本文侧重于大陆法系上预约的研究。首先从罗马法上的要物契约入手,从其无偿性与要物性的特点出发,探求预约为缓解要物契约之要物性而产生的背景。随后,从首个将预约“入法”的法国开始,展现德国、日本、瑞士等国的先进立法成果以供借鉴,并对预约从与特定契约相结合到一般规定、适用范围逐渐扩大的演变历程及原因进行了总结分析。第二部分重点探讨预约的类型与认定。从预约的定义、本质、特征及构成要件方面先对预约进行认定。确认预约的本质为合同,以将来订约的意思表示为根本构成要件,内容需具确定性,否则难谓预约。在类型概括部分,介绍了法国、美国及我国学者的观点,并在此基础上思考以新的标准——“以当事人是否对所负义务有约定”对预约进行类型划分,分为“约定义务的预约”与“未约定义务的预约”。又将预约与意向书、附生效条件的合同、本约等易混概念作了比较,以清晰预约的概念。第三部分预约的效力,是预约问题中最具争议的部分。此部分围绕预约的效力基础、当事人所负义务、违约责任及效力期间展开。比较不同观点后,提出在当事人对所负义务未做约定时,仍应采“必须缔约说”。预约之本质为合同,其违约责任的归责原则应与一般合同一致,采无过错责任原则。而《合同法》规定的违约责任形式及免责事由,除继续履行不适用于约定为磋商义务的预约外,其他均可适用于预约。当然,继续履行应慎用且须满足法定限制条件。对于预约的效力期间当事人可自行约定,未作约定的则以6个月为宜,督促当事人及时缔约。第四部分从法院对待预约的态度观察预约在我国的现状。本文以中国法院网(网址:http://www.chinacourt.org/index.shtml)2013年度刊载的180个预约案例为对象,对法院认定预约的标准、对预约效力的态度及违约责任的处理三方面作出归纳分析。一份协议是否含有当事人将来另缔新约的意思表示是法院认定预约的标准,对当事人所负义务倾向于采“必须缔约说”。在违约责任的承担上与一般合同无异,只对继续履行的适用意见不一,但多数法院认为可予适用。 第五部分探讨预约入法的必要性及立法展望。本文从现有立法存在的预约概念界定不清、效力规定不明问题入手,结合实践需要及预约自身特性,有针对性地提出完善建议。本文建议将预约入法,规定在《合同法》总则或民法典债编总则为妥。还设计出立法建议稿,以期对我国法治的完善尽份绵薄之力。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • With the prosperity of economy, the important position of contract in the economic life becomes more and more prominence. The protection of contract also gradually extend to the contract before and after(before the contract becomes effective and after the contract reaches its end), not only focus on the period of the contract becomes effective and its end. The put forward of first contract obligation and gradual obligation is example. However, according to the existing legislation in our country, the parties’ reliance interest before the contract become effective are only protected by the responsibilities of consulting negligence. Since it has the characteristics of the statutory and passivity, the protection of parties’ interest are not enough. The emergence of pre-contract overcome this deficiency to a certain extent, change passive protection to active prevention in advance, it’s also of utmost respect for the freedom of contract and real means of parties.Pre-contract is the main content of this article explores. Except the preface and epilogue, the paper will be divided into five parts:The first part is the origin and evolution of the pre-contract. This paper focuses on the research of the pre-contract in civil law system. At first, from contracts of major affair in the Roman law, and from the characteristics of its free sex and physical properties to research the original background of the pre-contract. Then, starting from the France which is the first country to make pre-contract into laws, mainly to show the foreign country’s advanced legislation achievements for reference, such as Germany, Japan and the Swiss. From combined with a specific contract and to make an appointment to the general provisions, the applicable scope expanding gradually, and summarizes the evolution and the reason of it, as the below.The second part mainly discusses the basic knowledge of pre-contract. From the definition, nature, characteristics and consititution to make an appointment firstly. Ensuring that the nature of per-contract is contract, it must contain the future contract and its content wih certainty, otherwise difficult to call it's a pre-contract. In the type of booking summary part, introduces the France, the United States and the views of scholars in our country, and on this basis to think the new standard-“whether the parties have agreed on duty” to make a new type classification, so the pre-contract are divided into the obligations agreed upon with the obligations agreed upon booking appointmentsr. And also make a comparison with some easy mixed concepts, as a letter of intent, with effective conditions of the contract and contract, to clear the concept of the pre-contract.The third part of the effectiveness of the pre-contract, is the most controversial part of the reservation problem. This part around the validity of effectiveness, the parties’ obligation, liability for breach of contract and validity period. After comparing all kinds of different views, this paper puts forward the view: when the parties don’t agreed with the obligation, still should adopt “must conclude a treaty”. Basis the nature of pre-contract is contract, its principle of liability for breach of contract should be consistent with the general contract, adopt no-fault liability principle. The form of liability for breach of contract and exemption resons that are provitions in the “contract law”, in addition to continue to perform the obligations shall not apply to the pre-contract, others all can be applied to pre-contract. Of course, continue to perform must be careful and must meet the legal restrictions. For the effectiveness of the reservation period can be agreed by the parties, in the absence of an agreement with 6 months advisable, urged the parties to perform obligations timely.The fourth part from the attitude that court treat the pre-contract to observe the pre-contract’s situation in our country. Research on the net of the people’s court 2013 published 180 cases to make an appointment, from the court ruled standards, the attitude about the effectiveness for pre-contract and way to deal with the liability for breach of contract these three aspects make analysis. Whether an agreement with the parties’ intention to make a new contract in the future, is the standards of the court to ensure the pre-contract. The court tend to identified the parties should burden the obligations of signing an agreement. On the bear the liability for breach of contract is same to general contract, for continue to preform the contract wheather can be used, the court have different opinion, but most of the court thought that can be applied.The last part discusses the necessity of pre-contract into laws and legislative outlook. This paper starting from the existing disadvantages of laws: concept and effectiveness of pre-contract is not clear, then to meet the needs of practice to put up with perfecting suggestion. This paper proposed to make pre-contract into laws and regulations it in the general rules of "contract law" or debt general rules of “civil law”. Also designed a legislative proposal, to look forward to perfect legislation.
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-20
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2015-05-24
  • dc.relation.relatedpublications
  • 目 录引 言········································································································· 1一、预约的起源与演变···················································································· 2(一)预约的起源·························································································· 2(二)预约的演变·························································································· 5(三)小结···································································································· 7二、预约的类型与认定···················································································· 7(一)预约的认定·························································································· 7(二)预约的类型························································································· 11(三)预约与易混概念的辨析········································································ 16(四)小结·································································································· 18三、预约的效力····························································································· 18(一)预约效力的理论基础············································································ 18(二)预约当事人所负义务············································································ 19(三)违反预约的责任·················································································· 22(四)预约的效力期间·················································································· 27四、法院对待预约的态度··············································································· 28(一)认定预约的标准·················································································· 28(二)预约当事人所负义务的确定·································································· 29(三)违反预约责任的判定············································································ 29(四)小结·································································································· 31五、我国预约入法的必要性及立法展望··························································· 31(一)我国预约入法的必要性········································································ 31(二)预约立法的原则·················································································· 34(三)预约制度建议稿·················································································· 37结 语········································································································ 39参考文献······································································································· 40后 记········································································································ 45
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