不作为强制执行制度研究

Study on the system of inaction enforcement

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归属院系:

法学院

作者:

王慧

导师:

廖中洪

学位:

博士

语种:

其他

关键词:

不作为判决;执行内容的特定;审执分立;执行措施;反复违反不作为义务

摘要:

不作为请求权具有预防性救济功能,符合日益尊重当事人主体性、面向当事人需求、强调当事人程序保障的现代诉讼观念。我国民事法律制度中,虽然明确规定了预防性民事责任(停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险),但在民事程序立法中并未建立相应的不作为执行措施与程序规则。近年来,我国不作为强制执行案件不断增加,此类案件执行难度系数普遍较高。然而,我国民事执行程序领域对于不作为强制执行制度的研究却十分匮乏,不仅出现了制度供给与现实需求之间的矛盾,而且一定程度上影响了对当事人权利的维护。在民事执行理论与立法向具体化、精细化发展的背景下,对于不作为强制执行作深入的研究尤为必要。基于不作为请求的特殊性,不作为强制执行的研究横跨民事审理程序与强制执行程序,本文以不作为请求的实体基础为研究的逻辑起点,以不作为执行的完整程序为主线,对执行过程中涉及的执行内容的特定、执行措施及程序、反复违反行为的规制,以及环境民事公益诉讼案件中不作为强制执行等问题展开论述。除引言及结语外,本文共分为五章。第一章:不作为强制执行制度的概述。不作为强制执行制度的产生,与不作为请求权的嬗变紧密关联。在罗马法的否认之诉中,债权人可对债务人“妨害行为所生之损害”请求赔偿,适用金钱执行代偿性满足债权人,此为不作为请求权与不作为执行制度的起源;日耳曼法奉行本旨执行原则,为保证不作为请求权的真正实现,对债务人人格进行强制。在私法演进过程中,大陆法系和英美法系均产生了预防性权利以及与之相对应的强制执行制度。大陆法系的不作为请求权包括排除妨害请求权和预防性作为请求权;英美法系的禁令制度包括禁止性禁令、命令性禁令以及预防性禁令。与之相对应,不作为强制执行包括对单纯的不作为义务(停止侵害)的执行,以及实现不作为请求的衍生义务(排除妨碍、消除危险)的执行,具有执行内容的多元性、执行措施的复合性以及执行过程的持续性特征。由于法治文化、传统、人文、政治和经济等方面的差异,世界各国和地区不作为强制执行制度呈现出较强的地域性色彩。法国和日本更为注重债务人人权的保障,坚持本旨执行基础上的代偿执行;德国以及我国台湾地区更为注重债权的实现,通过拘留和罚款等措施实现本旨执行。在我国,“停止侵害”“排除妨害”“消除危险”的民事责任方式是不作为请求权在实体法上的表达形态。然而,我国不作为强制执行制度的演进,经历了近代以前的起源、清末及民国时期的初步形成、新中国参照适用作为执行措施等阶段,至今,未形成与实体法相对应的不作为强制执行制度体系。第二章:不作为强制执行中执行内容的特定。特定不作为的执行内容,是实施不作为强制执行的前提。不作为请求的具体性直接决定着判决主文内容的确定性,而判决主文内容的确定性则直接反映为执行内容的明确性,从而决定了执行依据是否具有可执行性。因此,不作为请求的特定构成了不作为强制执行问题的逻辑起点。诉讼请求的特定属于立法条款中的应有之义,然而,由于实现不作为请求救济方式的多样性以及不作为侵害的重复性,当事人特定不作为请求实为困难。在世界各国和地区的不作为请求案件中,均存在抽象不作为请求与抽象不作为判决。德国、日本以及我国台湾地区基于不同的诉讼法理及执行权配置理论,对抽象不作为请求合法性存在不同的认识,并采取不同的解释论应对抽象不作为判决执行内容的特定难题。本文提出在借鉴德、日等国实务经验基础上,承认抽象不作为请求与判决合法性的同时,在裁判主文的撰写上采取“停止侵害+具体行为内容或结果”的模式,同时,对审执分立原则作宽缓化处理。第三章:不作为强制执行中执行措施的适用。不作为执行标的表现形态包括停止性不作为、除去性作为与预防性作为,执行机关需识别不同的执行标的并适用相应的执行措施。对此,各国作出不同的立法安排,德国实行“一请求权一执行方法”原则,在民事诉讼法中设置概括适用于不作为执行标的之违警罚款和违警拘留;实务中,一审法院依职权确定执行措施的适用。日本实行执行措施申请原则与执行措施并行原则,在民法典中规定了实现不作为请求权的除去处分和适当处分,并在民事执行法中规定间接强制金和替代执行措施;实务中,执行裁判所依据债权人申请,通过审询当事人确定执行措施。本文通过对我国不作为强制执行情况的实证考察,提出确立本旨执行基础上的代偿执行原则以及间接执行规范化基础上的执行措施并行原则,以此为前提,构建与预防性民事责任体系相协调的复合性不作为执行措施,包括概括适用于不作为义务的间接执行措施、适用于除去性作为与预防性作为的替代执行措施。第四章:不作为强制执行的程序设置。执行程序以执行措施为内容,执行措施以执行程序为依托。在执行措施适用原则的基础上,充分考量债权人和债务人的程序保障,设置符合执行措施复合性特征的执行程序体系。第一顺位为概括性适用于不作为义务的间接执行程序,包括间接执行的申请、审查、间接执行决定的作出以及执行方法的适用与实施。第二顺位为依申请或依职权确定的、适用于除去性作为与预防性作为的替代执行程序,通过特殊的替代执行程序设置,确保不作为请求权的完全实现。第三顺位为针对执行终结后的重复违反行为的再执行程序,通过本案判决执行力的时间范围与客观范围的适度扩张,防止本案判决的形骸化与空洞化。第五章:现代型纠纷中不作为强制执行的特别程序研究——以环境民事公益诉讼案件执行为例。环境民事公益诉讼属于现代型诉讼,具有程序机能的预防性与程序法理的非讼性特征。为实现环境民事公益诉讼的预防性功能,立法明确将不作为义务作为裁判的首选责任方式。实践中,环境民事公益诉讼案件判决具有复合性特征,既包括混合给付判决(判决主文包含环境修复金、服务功能修复费等金钱给付和停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等行为给付义务),亦包括附修复方案的不作为判决和转化性不作为判决。此类“创新性”判决形式对传统的民事执行制度提出新的挑战。针对判决主文的复合性,执行机关需识别不作为给付义务,并适用有效的执行措施,以保证环境民事公益诉讼预防性机能的实现。针对环境侵害的不可逆性及重复性,需突出民事执行权的“行政权”属性,构建能动执行机制,包括执前督促、执中监督和执后回访等。

学科:

诉讼法学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

王慧. 不作为强制执行制度研究[D]. ,.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 不作为强制执行制度研究
  • dc.title
  • Study on the system of inaction enforcement
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2014030106075
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 王慧
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 廖中洪
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 不作为判决;执行内容的特定;审执分立;执行措施;反复违反不作为义务
  • dc.subject
  • Judgment of inaction; Identification of the content of enforcement; separation of trial and enforcement; Enforcement measures; Repeated violation of inaction
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 不作为请求权具有预防性救济功能,符合日益尊重当事人主体性、面向当事人需求、强调当事人程序保障的现代诉讼观念。我国民事法律制度中,虽然明确规定了预防性民事责任(停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险),但在民事程序立法中并未建立相应的不作为执行措施与程序规则。近年来,我国不作为强制执行案件不断增加,此类案件执行难度系数普遍较高。然而,我国民事执行程序领域对于不作为强制执行制度的研究却十分匮乏,不仅出现了制度供给与现实需求之间的矛盾,而且一定程度上影响了对当事人权利的维护。在民事执行理论与立法向具体化、精细化发展的背景下,对于不作为强制执行作深入的研究尤为必要。基于不作为请求的特殊性,不作为强制执行的研究横跨民事审理程序与强制执行程序,本文以不作为请求的实体基础为研究的逻辑起点,以不作为执行的完整程序为主线,对执行过程中涉及的执行内容的特定、执行措施及程序、反复违反行为的规制,以及环境民事公益诉讼案件中不作为强制执行等问题展开论述。除引言及结语外,本文共分为五章。第一章:不作为强制执行制度的概述。不作为强制执行制度的产生,与不作为请求权的嬗变紧密关联。在罗马法的否认之诉中,债权人可对债务人“妨害行为所生之损害”请求赔偿,适用金钱执行代偿性满足债权人,此为不作为请求权与不作为执行制度的起源;日耳曼法奉行本旨执行原则,为保证不作为请求权的真正实现,对债务人人格进行强制。在私法演进过程中,大陆法系和英美法系均产生了预防性权利以及与之相对应的强制执行制度。大陆法系的不作为请求权包括排除妨害请求权和预防性作为请求权;英美法系的禁令制度包括禁止性禁令、命令性禁令以及预防性禁令。与之相对应,不作为强制执行包括对单纯的不作为义务(停止侵害)的执行,以及实现不作为请求的衍生义务(排除妨碍、消除危险)的执行,具有执行内容的多元性、执行措施的复合性以及执行过程的持续性特征。由于法治文化、传统、人文、政治和经济等方面的差异,世界各国和地区不作为强制执行制度呈现出较强的地域性色彩。法国和日本更为注重债务人人权的保障,坚持本旨执行基础上的代偿执行;德国以及我国台湾地区更为注重债权的实现,通过拘留和罚款等措施实现本旨执行。在我国,“停止侵害”“排除妨害”“消除危险”的民事责任方式是不作为请求权在实体法上的表达形态。然而,我国不作为强制执行制度的演进,经历了近代以前的起源、清末及民国时期的初步形成、新中国参照适用作为执行措施等阶段,至今,未形成与实体法相对应的不作为强制执行制度体系。第二章:不作为强制执行中执行内容的特定。特定不作为的执行内容,是实施不作为强制执行的前提。不作为请求的具体性直接决定着判决主文内容的确定性,而判决主文内容的确定性则直接反映为执行内容的明确性,从而决定了执行依据是否具有可执行性。因此,不作为请求的特定构成了不作为强制执行问题的逻辑起点。诉讼请求的特定属于立法条款中的应有之义,然而,由于实现不作为请求救济方式的多样性以及不作为侵害的重复性,当事人特定不作为请求实为困难。在世界各国和地区的不作为请求案件中,均存在抽象不作为请求与抽象不作为判决。德国、日本以及我国台湾地区基于不同的诉讼法理及执行权配置理论,对抽象不作为请求合法性存在不同的认识,并采取不同的解释论应对抽象不作为判决执行内容的特定难题。本文提出在借鉴德、日等国实务经验基础上,承认抽象不作为请求与判决合法性的同时,在裁判主文的撰写上采取“停止侵害+具体行为内容或结果”的模式,同时,对审执分立原则作宽缓化处理。第三章:不作为强制执行中执行措施的适用。不作为执行标的表现形态包括停止性不作为、除去性作为与预防性作为,执行机关需识别不同的执行标的并适用相应的执行措施。对此,各国作出不同的立法安排,德国实行“一请求权一执行方法”原则,在民事诉讼法中设置概括适用于不作为执行标的之违警罚款和违警拘留;实务中,一审法院依职权确定执行措施的适用。日本实行执行措施申请原则与执行措施并行原则,在民法典中规定了实现不作为请求权的除去处分和适当处分,并在民事执行法中规定间接强制金和替代执行措施;实务中,执行裁判所依据债权人申请,通过审询当事人确定执行措施。本文通过对我国不作为强制执行情况的实证考察,提出确立本旨执行基础上的代偿执行原则以及间接执行规范化基础上的执行措施并行原则,以此为前提,构建与预防性民事责任体系相协调的复合性不作为执行措施,包括概括适用于不作为义务的间接执行措施、适用于除去性作为与预防性作为的替代执行措施。第四章:不作为强制执行的程序设置。执行程序以执行措施为内容,执行措施以执行程序为依托。在执行措施适用原则的基础上,充分考量债权人和债务人的程序保障,设置符合执行措施复合性特征的执行程序体系。第一顺位为概括性适用于不作为义务的间接执行程序,包括间接执行的申请、审查、间接执行决定的作出以及执行方法的适用与实施。第二顺位为依申请或依职权确定的、适用于除去性作为与预防性作为的替代执行程序,通过特殊的替代执行程序设置,确保不作为请求权的完全实现。第三顺位为针对执行终结后的重复违反行为的再执行程序,通过本案判决执行力的时间范围与客观范围的适度扩张,防止本案判决的形骸化与空洞化。第五章:现代型纠纷中不作为强制执行的特别程序研究——以环境民事公益诉讼案件执行为例。环境民事公益诉讼属于现代型诉讼,具有程序机能的预防性与程序法理的非讼性特征。为实现环境民事公益诉讼的预防性功能,立法明确将不作为义务作为裁判的首选责任方式。实践中,环境民事公益诉讼案件判决具有复合性特征,既包括混合给付判决(判决主文包含环境修复金、服务功能修复费等金钱给付和停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等行为给付义务),亦包括附修复方案的不作为判决和转化性不作为判决。此类“创新性”判决形式对传统的民事执行制度提出新的挑战。针对判决主文的复合性,执行机关需识别不作为给付义务,并适用有效的执行措施,以保证环境民事公益诉讼预防性机能的实现。针对环境侵害的不可逆性及重复性,需突出民事执行权的“行政权”属性,构建能动执行机制,包括执前督促、执中监督和执后回访等。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • The claim of inaction has preventive remedial functions, and it conforms to concepts of modern litigation which contains increasingly respect the subjectivity of the parties, face the needs of the parties, and emphasizes for the protection of the procedure. In China's civil legal system, although there are clearly established preventive civil liabilities such as stopping infringement, removing obstacles and eliminating risks, it has not established corresponding enforcement measures and procedural rules in civil procedure legislation. In recent years, the number of inaction litigation and inaction enforcement continues to increase, and the implementation of such cases has generally a higher degree of difficulty. However, in the field of civil enforcement in our country, there is a lack of research on the inaction enforcement system. Not only does the contradiction between institutional supply and actual demand arise, but it also affects the maintenance of the rights of the parties to a certain extent. In the context of concrete and refined development of civil execution theories and legislation, it is particularly necessary to conduct in-depth research on inaction enforcement. Based on the particularity of the claim of inaction, the study on the inaction enforcement stretches over the civil procedure and the enforcement procedure. This paper uses the entity basis of the inaction request as the logical starting point of the study, and the complete process of inaction as the main line, contains the determination of enforcement content, enforcement measures and procedures involved in the process, and regulations on repeated violations, and the determination and enforcement of inaction in the cases of Environmental Public Interest Litigation. In addition to the introduction, conclusions and legislative advice, this article is divided into five chapters.Chapter One: The overview of the system of inaction enforcement. The development of the system of inaction enforcement is closely related to the evolution of the inaction claim. In the negation of Roman law, the creditor may claim compensation from the debtor for “harm caused by nuisance”. It applies to the monetary compensation satisfying the creditor and serves as the origin of inaction claim and inaction enforcement system. Germanic law follows the principle of real intention enforcement which enforces the debtor’s personality to ensure the real fulfillment of inaction claim. In the evolution of private law, both Civil law system and Anglo-American law system produced preventive rights and the corresponding enforcement systems. The inaction claim in Civil law system includes the claim of abatement of nuisance and the claim of preventive inaction. The injunction in Anglo-American law system includes prohibitory injunction, imperative injunction and preventive injunction. Correspondingly, inaction enforcement includes the enforcement of a mere obligation of inaction (cessation of infringement) and the enforcement of derivative obligations which realize inaction claim (eliminate the obstruction and elimination of danger). The contents of enforcement are diverse, measures are compound and process is continuous. Inaction enforcement system varies from country to country, even from region to region because of the differences in the rule- of –law culture, tradition, humanity, politics and economy. France and Japan pay more attention to the guarantee of the debtor's human rights and stick to compensatory enforcement based on real intention enforcement. Germany and Taiwan in China focus on the realization of creditor’s rights through detention and fine to achieve real intention enforcement. In China, the civil liability methods such as “stopping infringement”, “abatement of nuisance” and “elimination of danger ”are expressive form of inaction claim in substantive law. However, the evolution of inaction enforcement in China has experienced such steps as its origin before modern times, the initial formation in late Qing Dynasty and the Republican period as well as reference application as enforcement measures in new China. So far, no system of inaction enforcement has been formed corresponding to substantive law. Chapter Two: Identification provision of the enforcement content in inaction enforcement. The prerequisite of implement of inaction enforcement is to identify the enforcement content. The specifics of inaction claim directly determine the certainty of the main text content of the judgment, and the latter one directly reflects the clarity of the executive content, deciding whether the grounds for enforcement are enforceable. Therefore, the specific provision of inaction claim constitutes the logical starting point for the implement of inaction enforcement. Identification of litigation claim should belong to legislative provisions. However, it is difficult to make specific inaction claims because of different relief methods to realize inaction claim and repetition of inaction harm. In the cases of inaction claims, abstract inaction claims and abstract inaction judgment exist in all countries. Based on different litigation jurisprudence and enforcement allocation theory, Germany, Japan and Taiwan in China have different understandings on the legality of inaction claims and adopt different interpretations to deal with the specific problems of enforcement content of abstract inaction judgment. This paper acknowledged the legality of abstract inaction claim and judgment based on the practical experience of Germany, Japan and other countries. Meanwhile, the main text in the judgment adopts the mode of "stop infringement + specific action content or consequence ". At the same time, it is proposed that principle of separation between trial and enforcement should be treated leisurely; in addition, the right of enforcing explanation should be vested in enforcement organs.Chapter Three: The application of enforcing measures of inaction enforcement. Manifesting forms of inaction enforcement targets contain stopping inaction, removing action and preventive action. Enforcing organs need to identify different targets and apply effective enforcing measures. Different countries have different legal arrangements towards this point. Germany adopts the principle of “one claim one enforcement measure”. It is set in the civil procedural law that inaction should be fined and arrested and in practice, court of first instance makes substantive judgments on the inaction-payment according to its function and power to determine the application of enforcing measures. In Japan, the principle of enforcing measure application and parallelism is adopted. The civil code stipulates the the removal of the outcome of the action performed and an appropriate ruling against any future action.The civil enforcement law stipulates indirect compulsory fine and substituted enforcement measures.In practice, the court determines applicable indirect enforcement or substituted enforcement by interrogating the party based on the debtor’s application. Through the empirical investigation of inaction enforcement in China, it is proposed that the applicable principles of enforcement measures should be determined, including the principle of compensatory enforcement based on real intention enforcement and parallel principle of enforcement measures based on standardization of indirect enforcement. In addition, compound inaction enforcement measures should be built coordinating with preventive civil liability, including the summary of indirect enforcement measures suited for inaction obligation and substituted enforcement measures suited for removing action and preventive action. Chapter Four: The procedure settings of inaction enforcement. Enforcement measures are contents of enforcement procedure and the latter is supported by the former. Enforcement procedure system should conform to the compound features and applicable principle of enforcement measures, fully considering the procedural safeguards of the creditor and the debtor. The first order is the indirect enforcement procedure applied to inaction obligation, including the application, review, decision of indirect enforcement as well as the application and implementation of enforcement measures. The second order is the substituted enforcement procedure determined by application or authority and applied to removal action and prevention action. Special substituted enforcement procedure is set to ensure true realization of inaction claim. The third order is the re-enforcement procedure aiming at repeated violations after enforcement. Properly expand time range and objective scope of the judgment and enforcement of the case to prevent uselessness and hollowness of the case judgment.Chapter Five: The study on the special procedure for inaction enforcement in the?modern-type?disputes--Taking environmental public interest litigation cases as an example.Environmental public interest litigation belongs to the modern form of litigation,which has the characteristics of preventive program and ?non-litigation.In order to achieve the preventive function of environmental public interest litigation, the legislation clearly regards the inaction as the first choice of responsibility for the judgement.The majority of environmental public interest litigation case rulings contain mixed payment judgments that include money payment obligations (environmental restoration fees, service function repair fees) and behavioral payment obligations (cessation of infringement, eliminate the obstruction and elimination of danger, restore the status , and apologize),and the conditional inaction judgement and remedy plan inaction judgement.The "innovative" form of judgment poses a new challenge to the traditional system of civil enforcement.The enforcement organization should identify the obligation of inaction and apply effective measures to ensure the realization of the preventive function of environmental public interest litigation.Aimed at the irreversibility and repeatability of environmental infringement,we should carry out the concept of substantive protection,and highlight the attribute of "executive power" of civil execution right,and Construct the dynamic enforcement procedures, including urging the debtor before the enforcement, supervision during the enforcement and the return visit system after enforcement
  • dc.subject.discipline
  • D
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2018-05-31
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