最惠国法条在中国近现代的演进研究

Research on the Evolution of MFN Law in China's Modern Times

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归属院系:

行政法学院

作者:

刘帅

导师:

张培田

导师单位:

行政法学院(纪检监察学院)

学位:

博士

语种:

其他

关键词:

最惠国法条;不平等条约 ;经贸全球化 ;GATT-WTO

摘要:

内容摘要最惠国法律条款即最惠国法条是“最惠国待遇”的法律载体,而最惠国待遇作为国际贸易的基础机制,加速了国际贸易的全球化进程,影响了世界贸易的整体格局。最惠国待遇的萌芽最早可以追溯到公元11世纪,到18世纪初叶,英法在荷兰乌特勒支签订的和约中首次规定了较为规范的最惠国法条,至此,最惠国法条正式登上国际贸易舞台,并不断发生演变。在最惠国法条长期的变迁过程中,演化出了欧式无条件的最惠国法条和美式有条件的最惠国法条,虽然二者的影响力不断发生此消彼长的变动,但依然是近现代最惠国法条的基本分类。从19世纪清王朝被英吉利的坚船利炮轰开国门,朝贡体系和条约体系开始碰撞,中国正式被裹挟进世界经济政治纷争以来,最惠国法条就与中国的发展紧密相联,历经晚清、民国,直到今天,最惠国法条都是中国对外经贸体系的重要基础。在此期间,最惠国法条影响的畛域一直居于变动,从最早局限于税务、贸易范围,然后不断扩张,跨越经贸范畴,嵌入政治、文化、外交等领域,新中国成立初期又再度缩小至经贸范围,而WTO时代其影响的边界再次扩展。不过,无论最惠国法条的适用范围如何变化,其对我国一直具有深远影响,只是在不同的时代背景下最惠国法条发挥了完全不同的影响力。晚清时期,特殊的时代背景使得最惠国法条背离了其应有的公平、非歧视的价值导向与促进贸易自由的初衷,成为西方国家攫取、侵害中国利益的工具。最惠国法条在近代中外不平等条约中处于既“隐秘”又“显著”的微妙位置,“隐秘”是因为最惠国法条不似割地、赔款、驻军等条款是对中国具体国家利益的侵犯,其依托第三国的架空表述方式,使得其发挥作用较为“间接”,也使缺乏国际法知识的晚清君臣在尚未了解该法条的重大影响时就轻易让渡了最惠国待遇。“显著”则是由于和中国签订最惠国法条的“最惠国”可以轻易均沾中国与其他国家签订条约中让渡的利益,借此,最惠国法条这个“倍增器”极大增强了西方各国对中国的利益侵夺,产生重大不利影响。最惠国法条也与领事裁判权,关税协商一道,被并称为令近代中国损失最为巨大的三项利权。民国时期,中国政府逐渐开始着手改订或废除最惠国法条,以限制其不利影响,北京政府奉行的修约外交与南京国民政府的废约外交都与之密切相关。北京政府时期的外交政策采用“浑括主义”,尽量避免双边谈判,而采用集体磋商的方式,这正是基于对最惠国法条的清楚认识,只有通过集体磋商,让全体最惠国在放弃某一特权上达成一致,这一特权才能真正被废止。南京国民政府废约外交的目的与修约外交类似,也是逐渐取消不平等条约对中国的不利影响,但其方式上更加彻底,注重通过废除不平等条约,直接减少不平等条约签署国的方式来维护中国国家利益,这也一并减少了“最惠国”的数量,弱化最惠国法条的不利影响。废约之后,通常还会以订立更为公平合理的合约为目的进行新条约的谈判,在这些谈判中,最惠国法条通常又会成为双方争夺的“焦点”,而是否重新订入最惠国法条也成为判断谈判成败的“标志”。新中国建立后,为了适应新的全球经济形势,我国开始了艰苦的“复关入世”谈判,而永久性无条件最惠国待遇,成为我国力争的主要谈判目标,并最终取得圆满成果。现代最惠国法条以WTO框架为依托,其内含平等、非歧视的价值内核,到今天依然是国际贸易秩序的主流,但以TPP为代表的国际多边经济谈判组织在其组织内部推行更高层次的贸易自由化,会造成对非组织成员的贸易歧视,即使这些成员同属于WTO。全球化与集团化贸易组织之间的这种矛盾与冲突给最惠国法条的未来又带来了新的挑战。本文主体共分为七个部分。第一部分:引论。陈述研究思路,对最惠国法条的研究现状进行全面梳理,逐次展开对本文的选题意义、研究方法的说明。第二部分:最惠国法条概论。首先介绍了最惠国法条的研究背景;其次,阐明了最惠国法条的概念与流变,最惠国法条的内涵有一个逐渐丰富的过程,该部分也论及最惠国法条与自由贸易、贸易保护主义的关联。第三,研究了最惠国法条依据不同学说与标准进行的分类情况。最后,对最惠国法条条文的解释进行了分析,涉及到对最惠国法条的滥用与限制。第三部分:最惠国法条在中国近代的殖民化扩张及应对。首先对1840-1899年最惠国法条在华殖民扩张进行了介绍,并作了阶段划分:第一次鸦片战争后最惠国法条体系的初步建立,第二次鸦片战争后最惠国法条体系的扩展,并介绍了晚清政府对最惠国法条的初步回应;其次,梳理1900-1911年限制最惠国法条在华殖民扩张的外交努力;第三,对1912—1949年最惠国法条在华殖民扩张的抵制进行了叙述,解读了在修约外交与废约外交不同方针影响下的最惠国法条;最后,对近代中国与西方重要国家订立的最惠国法条以国别进行归纳并简要评论,涵盖晚清到民国的整个长时段。第四部分:中国近代最惠国法条特点、类型与危害。近代中外条约中最惠国法条具有不平等、叠加性、多领域性、变动性等特点,这也引致了近代中外条约中最惠国法条类型的多样性,而各类型的最惠国法条也产生了不一样的影响后果。第五部分:现代最惠国法条在曲折中发展。国际贸易并非一直沿着自由贸易理念顺利发展,经贸全球化不断遭遇反抗,不时出现的贸易保护主义也导致了以倡导贸易自由为价值导向的最惠国法条受到冲击。直到GATT-WTO时代最惠国法条迎来发展的新高潮,而TPP协议的出现使得最惠国法条未来存在一定的不确定性。第六部分:从中美谈判看中国现代最惠国法条权益的伸张。GATT-WTO时代,中国努力“复关入世”,希望加入全球化的贸易组织,从而获得更加优越的贸易环境与条件。其中的关键就是中美最惠国待遇谈判,这场世纪谈判持续多年,见证了从GATT到WTO的时代转换,也历经多任美国总统不同的内政外交政策考验,最终取得满意成果,中美建立永久性正常贸易关系也为未来国际贸易新秩序的建立与发展打下良好基础。结语:通过对比,得出中国近、现代历史上最惠国法条的相同与不同之处,并总结获得的启示。本文以法律史学的研究方法为主,辅以其他社会科学的研究方法。法律史学讲究以史为凭,通过对大量的文献资料进行梳理分析,从而探寻研究对象的特点、流变及影响。但最惠国法条并非单纯的法律史学的研究对象,其还涉及经济、外交、政治、社会、文化等领域,因此,对这种复合性的研究对象,应分层次、多领域展开研究。具体而言,本文的研究范围包括在法律层面对最惠国法条的探讨以及在我国各个历史时期,不同的经济、外交、政治、社会、文化背景下,围绕该法条的冲突与斗争,并剖析对比了最惠国法条对我国的各种影响。本文目的在于通过对最惠国法条的历史考察,汲取教训,总结经验,以利我国更好地应对今后世界经贸秩序变迁带来的机遇与挑战。

学科:

法律史学

提交日期

2019-04-11

引用参考

刘帅. 最惠国法条在中国近现代的演进研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2018.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 最惠国法条在中国近现代的演进研究
  • dc.title
  • Research on the Evolution of MFN Law in China's Modern Times
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • B2014030102017
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 刘帅
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 博士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学博士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2018
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 张培田
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 其他
  • dc.subject
  • 最惠国法条;;不平等条约 ;;经贸全球化 ;;GATT-WTO
  • dc.subject
  • Most-favored-nation legal provisions;Unequal treaties;Economic and trade globalization;GATT-WTO
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 内容摘要最惠国法律条款即最惠国法条是“最惠国待遇”的法律载体,而最惠国待遇作为国际贸易的基础机制,加速了国际贸易的全球化进程,影响了世界贸易的整体格局。最惠国待遇的萌芽最早可以追溯到公元11世纪,到18世纪初叶,英法在荷兰乌特勒支签订的和约中首次规定了较为规范的最惠国法条,至此,最惠国法条正式登上国际贸易舞台,并不断发生演变。在最惠国法条长期的变迁过程中,演化出了欧式无条件的最惠国法条和美式有条件的最惠国法条,虽然二者的影响力不断发生此消彼长的变动,但依然是近现代最惠国法条的基本分类。从19世纪清王朝被英吉利的坚船利炮轰开国门,朝贡体系和条约体系开始碰撞,中国正式被裹挟进世界经济政治纷争以来,最惠国法条就与中国的发展紧密相联,历经晚清、民国,直到今天,最惠国法条都是中国对外经贸体系的重要基础。在此期间,最惠国法条影响的畛域一直居于变动,从最早局限于税务、贸易范围,然后不断扩张,跨越经贸范畴,嵌入政治、文化、外交等领域,新中国成立初期又再度缩小至经贸范围,而WTO时代其影响的边界再次扩展。不过,无论最惠国法条的适用范围如何变化,其对我国一直具有深远影响,只是在不同的时代背景下最惠国法条发挥了完全不同的影响力。晚清时期,特殊的时代背景使得最惠国法条背离了其应有的公平、非歧视的价值导向与促进贸易自由的初衷,成为西方国家攫取、侵害中国利益的工具。最惠国法条在近代中外不平等条约中处于既“隐秘”又“显著”的微妙位置,“隐秘”是因为最惠国法条不似割地、赔款、驻军等条款是对中国具体国家利益的侵犯,其依托第三国的架空表述方式,使得其发挥作用较为“间接”,也使缺乏国际法知识的晚清君臣在尚未了解该法条的重大影响时就轻易让渡了最惠国待遇。“显著”则是由于和中国签订最惠国法条的“最惠国”可以轻易均沾中国与其他国家签订条约中让渡的利益,借此,最惠国法条这个“倍增器”极大增强了西方各国对中国的利益侵夺,产生重大不利影响。最惠国法条也与领事裁判权,关税协商一道,被并称为令近代中国损失最为巨大的三项利权。民国时期,中国政府逐渐开始着手改订或废除最惠国法条,以限制其不利影响,北京政府奉行的修约外交与南京国民政府的废约外交都与之密切相关。北京政府时期的外交政策采用“浑括主义”,尽量避免双边谈判,而采用集体磋商的方式,这正是基于对最惠国法条的清楚认识,只有通过集体磋商,让全体最惠国在放弃某一特权上达成一致,这一特权才能真正被废止。南京国民政府废约外交的目的与修约外交类似,也是逐渐取消不平等条约对中国的不利影响,但其方式上更加彻底,注重通过废除不平等条约,直接减少不平等条约签署国的方式来维护中国国家利益,这也一并减少了“最惠国”的数量,弱化最惠国法条的不利影响。废约之后,通常还会以订立更为公平合理的合约为目的进行新条约的谈判,在这些谈判中,最惠国法条通常又会成为双方争夺的“焦点”,而是否重新订入最惠国法条也成为判断谈判成败的“标志”。新中国建立后,为了适应新的全球经济形势,我国开始了艰苦的“复关入世”谈判,而永久性无条件最惠国待遇,成为我国力争的主要谈判目标,并最终取得圆满成果。现代最惠国法条以WTO框架为依托,其内含平等、非歧视的价值内核,到今天依然是国际贸易秩序的主流,但以TPP为代表的国际多边经济谈判组织在其组织内部推行更高层次的贸易自由化,会造成对非组织成员的贸易歧视,即使这些成员同属于WTO。全球化与集团化贸易组织之间的这种矛盾与冲突给最惠国法条的未来又带来了新的挑战。本文主体共分为七个部分。第一部分:引论。陈述研究思路,对最惠国法条的研究现状进行全面梳理,逐次展开对本文的选题意义、研究方法的说明。第二部分:最惠国法条概论。首先介绍了最惠国法条的研究背景;其次,阐明了最惠国法条的概念与流变,最惠国法条的内涵有一个逐渐丰富的过程,该部分也论及最惠国法条与自由贸易、贸易保护主义的关联。第三,研究了最惠国法条依据不同学说与标准进行的分类情况。最后,对最惠国法条条文的解释进行了分析,涉及到对最惠国法条的滥用与限制。第三部分:最惠国法条在中国近代的殖民化扩张及应对。首先对1840-1899年最惠国法条在华殖民扩张进行了介绍,并作了阶段划分:第一次鸦片战争后最惠国法条体系的初步建立,第二次鸦片战争后最惠国法条体系的扩展,并介绍了晚清政府对最惠国法条的初步回应;其次,梳理1900-1911年限制最惠国法条在华殖民扩张的外交努力;第三,对1912—1949年最惠国法条在华殖民扩张的抵制进行了叙述,解读了在修约外交与废约外交不同方针影响下的最惠国法条;最后,对近代中国与西方重要国家订立的最惠国法条以国别进行归纳并简要评论,涵盖晚清到民国的整个长时段。第四部分:中国近代最惠国法条特点、类型与危害。近代中外条约中最惠国法条具有不平等、叠加性、多领域性、变动性等特点,这也引致了近代中外条约中最惠国法条类型的多样性,而各类型的最惠国法条也产生了不一样的影响后果。第五部分:现代最惠国法条在曲折中发展。国际贸易并非一直沿着自由贸易理念顺利发展,经贸全球化不断遭遇反抗,不时出现的贸易保护主义也导致了以倡导贸易自由为价值导向的最惠国法条受到冲击。直到GATT-WTO时代最惠国法条迎来发展的新高潮,而TPP协议的出现使得最惠国法条未来存在一定的不确定性。第六部分:从中美谈判看中国现代最惠国法条权益的伸张。GATT-WTO时代,中国努力“复关入世”,希望加入全球化的贸易组织,从而获得更加优越的贸易环境与条件。其中的关键就是中美最惠国待遇谈判,这场世纪谈判持续多年,见证了从GATT到WTO的时代转换,也历经多任美国总统不同的内政外交政策考验,最终取得满意成果,中美建立永久性正常贸易关系也为未来国际贸易新秩序的建立与发展打下良好基础。结语:通过对比,得出中国近、现代历史上最惠国法条的相同与不同之处,并总结获得的启示。本文以法律史学的研究方法为主,辅以其他社会科学的研究方法。法律史学讲究以史为凭,通过对大量的文献资料进行梳理分析,从而探寻研究对象的特点、流变及影响。但最惠国法条并非单纯的法律史学的研究对象,其还涉及经济、外交、政治、社会、文化等领域,因此,对这种复合性的研究对象,应分层次、多领域展开研究。具体而言,本文的研究范围包括在法律层面对最惠国法条的探讨以及在我国各个历史时期,不同的经济、外交、政治、社会、文化背景下,围绕该法条的冲突与斗争,并剖析对比了最惠国法条对我国的各种影响。本文目的在于通过对最惠国法条的历史考察,汲取教训,总结经验,以利我国更好地应对今后世界经贸秩序变迁带来的机遇与挑战。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • AbstractThe most-favored-nation legal provisions (MFN law) , is the legal carrier of " most-favored-nation treatment ". As the basic mechanism of international trade, most-favored-nation treatment has accelerated the globalization of international trade and has affected the overall pattern of world trade. The earliest most-favored-nation treatment can be traced back to the eleventh century AD. By the early 18th century, the United Kingdom and France formally adopted the official MFN law in the signing of Utrecht in the Netherlands. At this point, the most-favored-nation law is officially on the stage of international trade and is constantly evolving.In the course of the transition of MFN law, the European unconditional MFN law and the US conditional MFN law have evolved. Although the influence of the two types of MFN law continues to change, it is still the basic types of modern MFN law.From nineteenth Century, the Qing Dynasty was bombarded and open the door by the powerful England,the tributary system and the treaty system officially began to crash. China was formally enshrined in the world’s economic and political disputes, and the MFN law was closely linked to the development of China. From the early days of the Qing and Republic of China, until today, the MFN law was an important foundation of China’s foreign economic and trade system. During this period, the influence of the MFN law has been changing. It has been limited to taxation and trade from the very beginning, and has continued to expand. It has spanned economic and trade areas, embedded in politics, culture, and diplomacy, and in the early period of the founding of new China, narrowed to the scope of economic and trade, and its influence in the WTO era expanded again. However, no matter how the scope of application of the MFN law changes, it has always had a profound impact on our country. It is only under the different background of the era that MFN law has had a very different influence on our country.In the late Qing Dynasty, the special background of the times made the MFN law deviate from its fair, non discriminatory value orientation and the original intention of promoting trade freedom, and became a tool for western countries to seize and encroach on the interests of China. The MFN law is in a subtle position of both "hidden" and "conspicuous" in the modern unequal treaties between China and foreign countries. The "hidden" characteristic is because the MFN law is not as infringing on China's specific national interests as the clauses such as ground cutting, compensation, and garrison. Relying on the overarching expression of the third country,its role is more indirect and makes the late Qing Dynastyand's king and the minister who lack the knowledge of international law,do not understand the important influence of the MFN law, and easily transfer the most-favored-nation treatment. The "Significant" characteristic is due to the fact that"Most Favoured Nation", which has signed the MFN law with China, can easily take advantage of China’s transfer of treaties with other countries. In this way, the most favoured nation law as the "multiplier"has greatly enhanced the western countries' interests and encroachments on China and has had a significant negative impact. The MFN law is also referred to as consular jurisdiction and tariff negotiation, the three most advantageous rights to lose in modern China .During the period of the Republic of China, the Chinese government began to reform or repeal the MFN law to limit its adverse effects. The Beijing government's revisionism diplomacy and the Nanjing National Government's abolitionist diplomacy both related to MFN law. The foreign policy of the government of the Beijing government adopted "inclusive doctrine" to avoid bilateral negotiations as far as possible, and to adopt collective consultations, which is based on the clear understanding of the MFN law. Only through collective consultations, the most favoured nation can be unanimous in giving up a particular privilege. On reaching an agreement, this privilege can really be repealed. The purpose of the Nanjing national government's abolitionist diplomacy is similar to the revisionism diplomacy. It is also gradually abolishing the adverse effects of the unequal treaties on China, but its way is more thorough. It pays more attention to the abolition of unequal treaties and the direct reduction of the number of unequal treaty signatories to safeguard China's national interests, which has also reduced the number of most favored countries and weakened the adverse effects of the MFN law. After the abolishment of the treaty, a new treaty is usually negotiated with a more fair and reasonable purpose. In these negotiations, the formation of the MFN law will often become the "focus" of the two sides, and Whether to re-enter the MFN law is also become a "sign" to judge the success or failure of this negotiation.After the founding of new China, in order to adapt to the new global economic situation, China began a difficult "return to GATT/ WTO" negotiations, and the permanent unconditional most-favored-nation treatment has become China's main negotiating goal , and finally achieved a successful outcome. The modern MFN law is based on the WTO framework. It contains an equal and non-discriminatory value core and is still the mainstream of the international trade order today. However, the international multilateral economic negotiating organizations represented by the TPP agreement promote a higher level of trade liberalization in their organizations, which may cause trade discrimination against non-organizational members, even if these members also belong to the WTO. Such contradictions and conflicts between globalization and group-oriented trade organizations have brought new challenges to the future of MFN laws.The main body of this paper is divided into seven parts.Part one: Introduction. This part discusses the research ideas and comb the current research status of the most-favored-nation legal provisions and gradually introduces the significance of this paper and the research methods.Part two: Study on the basic problems of the most-favored-nation legal provisions. First of all, research background of the most-favored-nation legal provisions. Secondly,it clarifies the concept and evolution of the most-favored-nation legal provisions, and its connotation has a gradual enrichment process. This part also deals with the relationship between MFN laws and free trade and trade protectionism.Thirdly, we study the classification of the most-favored-nation legal provisions based on different theories and standards. Finally, an analysis of the interpretation of the most-favored-nation legal provisions relates to restrictions and misuse of the most-favored-nation legal provisions.Part three: The colonial expansion of the most-favored-nation legal provisions in China's recent history and response. First, it introduces the colonial expansion and response of MFN Law in China from 1840 to 1899. It has been divided into stages: after the first Opium War, the establishment of the MFN law system and the expansion of the MFN law system after the second Opium War, it also introduced the response of the late Qing government to the MFN law system; Second, combing diplomatic efforts to limit the colonial expansion of the MFN Law in China from 1900 to 1911;Third,it remarks on the boycott of the colonial expansion of China's MFN law in 1912-1949, and interprets the MFN law system under the influence of different policies of revisionism diplomacy and abolitionist diplomacy. Finally, this part summarizes and briefly reviews the MFN Law between China and the important Western treaties covering the entire long period from late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.Part four: Characteristics, types and harms of most-favored-nation legal provisions in modern China. The most-favored-nation legal provisions in the recent history of Chinese and foreign treaties have the characteristics of inequality, superposition, multi field and variation, which also lead to the diversity of the most-favored-nation legal provisions in the Chinese and foreign treaties.Various types of the most-favored-nation legal provisions also have different consequences.Part five: The most-favored-nation legal provisions of modern times has developed in twists and turns. International trade is not along the idea of free trade line development, economic globalization continue to encounter resistance, the emergence of trade protectionism, which led to the promotion of trade freedom for the value of the MFN law system continue to be shocked. Until the GATT-WTO era, the MFN law system ushered in a new upsurge of development, but the TPP agreement brings some uncertainty to the future of the most-favored-nation legal provisions.Part six: Observing the rights and interests of China's modern most-favoured-nation Law from the sino-American negotiations. GATT-WTO era, China's efforts to re-entry " GATT / WTO" is to enter this global trade organization, so as to obtain a more favorable trade environment and conditions. And the key is the most-favored-nation treatment negotiations between China and the United States. This century negotiations lasted for many years, witnessed the transition from GATT to WTO, and also experienced many presidents of the United States for different domestic and foreign policies, and finally achieved satisfactory results.The establishment of permanent normal trade relations between China and the United States lays a good foundation for the establishment and development of the new international trade order.Tail: Comparing the similarities and differences between the most-favored-nation legal provisions in China's recent and modern history, we can find some enlightenments .This paper focuses on the research methods of legal history, supplemented by other social science research methods. Legal history emphasizes history as the basis, through combing and analyzing a large amount of literature data, in order to explore the research object's characteristic、development and impact. However, the most-favored-nation legal provisions are not merely the object of study of legal history, but also involves economic, diplomatic, political, social, cultural and other fields. Therefore, this composite research object should be studied in different levels and in different fields. Specifically, the scope of this study includes the discussion of the most favoured national law in the legal layer and the conflict and struggle around the law under the different economic, diplomatic, political, social and cultural backgrounds in various historical periods in our country, and the analysis and comparison of the effects of the most favored nation law on our country. The purpose of the study is to draw lessons from the historical review of the most favoured national law , so that China will better meet the opportunities and challenges brought about by changes in the world economic and trade order in the future.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-03-09
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2018-12-12
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