交互计算商业实践的法律治理

Legal Governance of Commercial Interaction Calculation

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作者:

熊鑫

导师:

曹兴权

导师单位:

民商法学院

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

商事交互计算;理论选择;规则构建;制度衔接

摘要:

实践中,交互计算方法虽被广泛应用于商事交易领域,但我国法律对其并无专门规定。要而言之,交互计算是当事人将一定期间内因互相交易产生的复数债权债务,采取期末冲抵的方式进行统一结算的方法。因其所具备的浓厚商事色彩,在确立该制度的国家,交互计算通常被纳入商事法律规范,并被冠以“商事交互计算”之名。以在我国法律体系中确立商事交互计算制度为目的,在分析商事交互计算的基本内涵、理论基础、规则体系的基础上,本文对其制度的构建路径予以深入挖掘,分别从以下四个方面展开:第一部分,确定商事交互计算的基本内涵。分析我国客观存在的轧差、差额结算等特殊交易模式,可以发现商事交互计算四个特征:1.以抵销制度为其制度基础;2.以简化交易结算程序,降低交易结算成本为制度创设初衷;3.以存在持续性、经常性的交易为其前提;4.本质是当事人之间对于债权债务处理的合意。在此基础上,比较德国、日本以及我国台湾、澳门地区对商事交互计算规范,将商事交互计算制度限定为“商事交易当事人(至少一方为商事主体)之间约定对在一定时期内因交易所产生的复数债权债务做账面记录,期满后互相抵销并仅支付差额的合同”,从而确定研究对象的基本内涵。第二部分,我国确立商事交互计算制度的必要性。商事交互计算制度所具备的制度价值表现在两个方面:其一,理论层面,完善我国商法基本理论,构建起对商事交易结算的一般规则;其二,实践层面,以制度形式引导适于采取该结算方式的商事交易的便捷化、高效率发展。第三部分,商事交互计算制度构建的理论线索。基于商事交互计算的契约性质,要约承诺理论、当事人意思自治当然成为其构建基础;因其所具备的商事特色,为回应商事交易特殊性的需要,商事效益原则亦成为其理论基础的重要要素。第四部分,商事交互计算制度的规则体系。以《德国商法典》和商法理论为参照,重点围绕商事交互计算的形成条件、法律效果和解除三个方面进行设计。具体为:在形成条件上,对采用商事交互计算的主体、交易方式和交易内容进行必要的限制;在法律效果的划分上,区分商事交互计算的设定和决算,依据其所处的阶段不同合理划分当事人之间的权利义务关系;在商事交互计算的解除上,遵循意思自治的原则赋予当事人以任意解除权并在破产等特殊情形下赋予当事人法定解除权。第五部分,与已有法律制度冲突的协调。商事交互计算制度的构建,一定程度上对民法上的抵销制度、企业破产法中的破产抵销制度以及我国证券期货结算领域的具体规则产生影响。为此,准确辨别商事交互计算与抵销制度的差异、确立商事交互计算制度之于破产管理人合同选择履行权的优先效力、统领并规范我国证券期货领域的具体规则是解决可能产生的制度冲突的最好办法。

学科:

民商法学

提交日期:

2020-06-24

引用参考:

熊鑫. 交互计算商业实践的法律治理[D]. 西南政法大学,2020.

全文附件授权许可:

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 交互计算商业实践的法律治理
  • dc.title
  • Legal Governance of Commercial Interaction Calculation
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20170301050404
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 熊鑫
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 民商法学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2020
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 商法
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 曹兴权
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 民商法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 商事交互计算,理论选择,规则构建,制度衔接
  • dc.subject
  • commercial interaction calculation; theoretical choice; rule construction; institutional connection
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 实践中,交互计算方法虽被广泛应用于商事交易领域,但我国法律对其并无专门规定。要而言之,交互计算是当事人将一定期间内因互相交易产生的复数债权债务,采取期末冲抵的方式进行统一结算的方法。因其所具备的浓厚商事色彩,在确立该制度的国家,交互计算通常被纳入商事法律规范,并被冠以“商事交互计算”之名。以在我国法律体系中确立商事交互计算制度为目的,在分析商事交互计算的基本内涵、理论基础、规则体系的基础上,本文对其制度的构建路径予以深入挖掘,分别从以下四个方面展开:第一部分,确定商事交互计算的基本内涵。分析我国客观存在的轧差、差额结算等特殊交易模式,可以发现商事交互计算四个特征:1.以抵销制度为其制度基础;2.以简化交易结算程序,降低交易结算成本为制度创设初衷;3.以存在持续性、经常性的交易为其前提;4.本质是当事人之间对于债权债务处理的合意。在此基础上,比较德国、日本以及我国台湾、澳门地区对商事交互计算规范,将商事交互计算制度限定为“商事交易当事人(至少一方为商事主体)之间约定对在一定时期内因交易所产生的复数债权债务做账面记录,期满后互相抵销并仅支付差额的合同”,从而确定研究对象的基本内涵。第二部分,我国确立商事交互计算制度的必要性。商事交互计算制度所具备的制度价值表现在两个方面:其一,理论层面,完善我国商法基本理论,构建起对商事交易结算的一般规则;其二,实践层面,以制度形式引导适于采取该结算方式的商事交易的便捷化、高效率发展。第三部分,商事交互计算制度构建的理论线索。基于商事交互计算的契约性质,要约承诺理论、当事人意思自治当然成为其构建基础;因其所具备的商事特色,为回应商事交易特殊性的需要,商事效益原则亦成为其理论基础的重要要素。第四部分,商事交互计算制度的规则体系。以《德国商法典》和商法理论为参照,重点围绕商事交互计算的形成条件、法律效果和解除三个方面进行设计。具体为:在形成条件上,对采用商事交互计算的主体、交易方式和交易内容进行必要的限制;在法律效果的划分上,区分商事交互计算的设定和决算,依据其所处的阶段不同合理划分当事人之间的权利义务关系;在商事交互计算的解除上,遵循意思自治的原则赋予当事人以任意解除权并在破产等特殊情形下赋予当事人法定解除权。第五部分,与已有法律制度冲突的协调。商事交互计算制度的构建,一定程度上对民法上的抵销制度、企业破产法中的破产抵销制度以及我国证券期货结算领域的具体规则产生影响。为此,准确辨别商事交互计算与抵销制度的差异、确立商事交互计算制度之于破产管理人合同选择履行权的优先效力、统领并规范我国证券期货领域的具体规则是解决可能产生的制度冲突的最好办法。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • In practice, although the interactive calculation method is widely used in the field of commercial transactions, there are no special regulations on it in Chinese law. In short, interactive calculation is a method for the parties to solve settlement of multiple claims and debts resulting from mutual transactions within a certain period in a way that offsets the end of the period. Because of its strong commercial color, in countries where the system is established, interactive calculation is usually included in commercial laws and regulations, and is called "commercial interactive calculation". With the purpose of establishing a commercial interactive calculation system in China's legal system, on the basis of analyzing the basic connotation, theoretical basis, and rule system of commercial interactive calculation, this article will dig deeper into the construction path of its system, starting from the following four aspects. :The first part is to determine the basic connotation of commercial interactive calculation. By analyzing China's objectively existing special transaction modes such as netting and balance settlement, we can find four characteristics of commercial interactive calculation: 1. Based on the offset system as its basis; 2. The original intention is to simplify the transaction settlement procedure and reduce the transaction settlement cost; 3. It is premised on the existence of continuous and frequent transactions; 4. The essence is the agreement between the parties regarding the treatment of claims and debts. On this basis, comparing the commercial interactive calculation standards in Germany, Japan, and Taiwan and Macao in China, the commercial interactive calculation system is limited to "the agreement between the parties to the commercial transaction (at least one party is the commercial subject). The plural claims and debts are recorded on the books, and after the expiration period, they cancel each other and only pay the difference contract ", so as to determine the basic connotation of the research object.In the second part, the necessity of establishing a commercial interactive calculation system in China. The system value possessed by the commercial interactive calculation system is manifested in two aspects: first, at the theoretical level, perfecting the basic theory of commercial law in China, and constructing general rules for commercial transaction settlement; second, at the practical level, it is suitable to take the form of institutional guidance The business transaction of this settlement method is convenient and efficient.The third part is the theoretical clue of the construction of commercial interactive calculation system. Based on the contractual nature of commercial interactive calculation, the theory of offer commitment and the autonomy of the parties ’intentions certainly became the basis for its construction; because of its commercial characteristics, in order to respond to the special needs of commercial transactions, the principle of commercial effectiveness also became an important element of its theoretical basis.The fourth part is the rule system of commercial interactive calculation system. Based on the "German Commercial Code" and commercial law theory, the design focuses on the three aspects of the formation conditions, legal effects and cancellation of commercial interactive calculation. Specifically, in terms of forming conditions, the necessary restrictions are imposed on the subjects, transaction methods and transaction contents; in the division of legal effects, the setting and final accounts of commercial interactive calculation are distinguished according to the stage they are in, and reasonably divide the rights and obligations between the parties; on the cancellation of commercial interactive calculations, follow the principle of autonomy of the will to grant the parties the right to arbitrarily release and to grant the parties the right to legal release under special circumstances such as bankruptcy.The fifth part is to coordinate conflicts with existing legal systems. The construction of the commercial interactive computing system has, to some extent, influenced the offset system in the civil law, the bankruptcy offset system in the enterprise bankruptcy law, and the specific rules in the field of securities and futures settlement in China. To this end, to accurately distinguish the difference between the commercial interactive calculation and the offset system, establish the priority effect of the commercial interactive calculation system on the insolvency representative's contract selection right, and lead and regulate the specific rules of China's securities and futures field are the best way to resolve possible institutional conflicts.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2020-05-04
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2020-06-10
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