清代主奴相犯案研究

《A study of the cases of master-slave committing crimes in the Qing Dynasty》

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作者:

张越林

导师:

周欣宇

导师单位:

行政法学院(纪检监察学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

清代;主奴相犯;《刑案汇览三编》

摘要:

奴婢是清代贱民中最庞大又地位最为卑下的群体,国家通过法律确认奴婢在主人家中的卑微地位,以维护良贱制度与社会秩序。三纲五常与主仆名分为传统中国社会所坚守,无论是法律还是社会观念,都丝毫不容许奴婢侵犯主人。虽然法律严禁奴婢犯主,追求家下和睦与社会稳定,但现实中主奴相犯案件却频频发生,呈现出多样化、复杂化的特点。《刑案汇览三编》记载了清代众多疑难复杂、具有代表性的主奴相犯案件,结合《大清律例》,对清代主奴相犯的行为特征、案件成因、身份认定、法律援引、刑罚确定等方面进行探究。除引言与结语外,全文分为三个部分。第一部分主要介绍奴婢、主人以及主奴关系的范围。首先,对清代奴婢的来源进行简要说明,并厘清奴婢与雇工人等易混淆的身份概念。其次,结合《大清律例》的规定,对“主人”的范围做出界定。最后,指出“相犯”的意义。第二部分对《刑案汇览三编》中的主奴相犯案进行统计分类。分别分析了贼盗类、杀伤类、犯奸类以及诉讼类四类主奴相犯案件,并对每一类案件中的行为方式与成因进行具体探析。不同种类主奴相犯案的行为方式不尽相同,但案件成因大同小异。总的来说,主奴同居共处易不睦、主奴相犯有关法律规定的指引、奴婢难获救济下的反抗是各类案件的成因的共通之处。除了各类案件相通成因外,有的案件形成背后仍有其独特原因。第三部分是对主奴相犯的司法审判进行探究。以主奴相犯案的审理情况为基础,结合法律规定对主奴相犯案的身份认定、法律援引以及刑罚确定进行归纳与特点分析。法律对主奴身份的认定做出相应规制。对主人身份认定因素单一;法律以服制为标准进行列举式规定;主人范围在实践中依律例变化有扩大趋势。影响奴婢法律身份认定的因素多且复杂,契约性质、脱离主家方式、婚姻家庭关系等都关涉奴婢法律身份的认定。主奴相犯案严格或比照律文、条例以及成案适用。司法官在援引律例时着力厘清主奴间关系,在重视案件事实与法律之间连接的同时也充分思量情理因素。刑罚的确定展现出主奴相犯同罪异罚的特点,司法官在判决时考虑各项情节加减刑罚以求平允。在特定情况下,皇帝也会因情理进行改判以衡平司法。主奴相犯案的判决结果还体现出对当事人后续生活的重视。主奴关系是清代等级社会中典型的一对关系,通过对清代主奴相犯案的研究,认识到奴婢在主家的地位卑下与境遇悲惨;同时也体会到法律规定对民众行为取向的重要影响、司法官在衡平司法中所作的努力,从而能对清代主奴相犯情况有更加全面的认识。

学科:

宪法学与行政法学

提交日期

2024-06-13

引用参考

张越林. 清代主奴相犯案研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2024.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 清代主奴相犯案研究
  • dc.title
  • 《A study of the cases of master-slave committing crimes in the Qing Dynasty》
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20210301020394
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 张越林
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2024
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 法律史
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 周欣宇
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 行政法学院(纪检监察学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 清代;主奴相犯;《刑案汇览三编》
  • dc.subject
  • Qing dynasty;Master-slave committing crimes;Criminal Cases Collection of Three Books
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 奴婢是清代贱民中最庞大又地位最为卑下的群体,国家通过法律确认奴婢在主人家中的卑微地位,以维护良贱制度与社会秩序。三纲五常与主仆名分为传统中国社会所坚守,无论是法律还是社会观念,都丝毫不容许奴婢侵犯主人。虽然法律严禁奴婢犯主,追求家下和睦与社会稳定,但现实中主奴相犯案件却频频发生,呈现出多样化、复杂化的特点。《刑案汇览三编》记载了清代众多疑难复杂、具有代表性的主奴相犯案件,结合《大清律例》,对清代主奴相犯的行为特征、案件成因、身份认定、法律援引、刑罚确定等方面进行探究。除引言与结语外,全文分为三个部分。第一部分主要介绍奴婢、主人以及主奴关系的范围。首先,对清代奴婢的来源进行简要说明,并厘清奴婢与雇工人等易混淆的身份概念。其次,结合《大清律例》的规定,对“主人”的范围做出界定。最后,指出“相犯”的意义。第二部分对《刑案汇览三编》中的主奴相犯案进行统计分类。分别分析了贼盗类、杀伤类、犯奸类以及诉讼类四类主奴相犯案件,并对每一类案件中的行为方式与成因进行具体探析。不同种类主奴相犯案的行为方式不尽相同,但案件成因大同小异。总的来说,主奴同居共处易不睦、主奴相犯有关法律规定的指引、奴婢难获救济下的反抗是各类案件的成因的共通之处。除了各类案件相通成因外,有的案件形成背后仍有其独特原因。第三部分是对主奴相犯的司法审判进行探究。以主奴相犯案的审理情况为基础,结合法律规定对主奴相犯案的身份认定、法律援引以及刑罚确定进行归纳与特点分析。法律对主奴身份的认定做出相应规制。对主人身份认定因素单一;法律以服制为标准进行列举式规定;主人范围在实践中依律例变化有扩大趋势。影响奴婢法律身份认定的因素多且复杂,契约性质、脱离主家方式、婚姻家庭关系等都关涉奴婢法律身份的认定。主奴相犯案严格或比照律文、条例以及成案适用。司法官在援引律例时着力厘清主奴间关系,在重视案件事实与法律之间连接的同时也充分思量情理因素。刑罚的确定展现出主奴相犯同罪异罚的特点,司法官在判决时考虑各项情节加减刑罚以求平允。在特定情况下,皇帝也会因情理进行改判以衡平司法。主奴相犯案的判决结果还体现出对当事人后续生活的重视。主奴关系是清代等级社会中典型的一对关系,通过对清代主奴相犯案的研究,认识到奴婢在主家的地位卑下与境遇悲惨;同时也体会到法律规定对民众行为取向的重要影响、司法官在衡平司法中所作的努力,从而能对清代主奴相犯情况有更加全面的认识。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Slaves were the largest and most inferior group of untouchables in the Qing Dynasty. The state recognized the inferior status of slaves in their masters’ families by law in order to maintain the system of social hierarchy and order. The Three Principles and Five Virtues and the Master-Slave Role are upheld in traditional Chinese society,neither the law nor the social concept allows slaves to infringe on their masters. Although the law strictly prohibits slaves from committing crimes against their masters in the pursuit of family harmony and social stability, in reality, cases of slaves and masters committing crimes against each other occur frequently and are characterized by diversity and complexity. The Criminal Cases Collection of Three Books records a large number of difficult, complex and representative cases of master-slave committing crimes against each other in the Qing Dynasty. In conjunction with the Great Qing Legal Code, this study explores the behavioral characteristics, causes of cases, identity recognition, legal application, and determination of penalties of master-slave crimes in the Qing Dynasty. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the whole text is divided into three parts.The first part focuses on the slave, the master, and the scope of the master-slave relationship. Firstly, to provide a brief explanation of the origin of slaves in the Qing Dynasty and to clarify the confusing concepts of the status of slaves and hired laborers. Secondly, the scope of “master” is defined in conjunction with the provisions of the Great Qing Legal Code. Lastly, point out the significance of “mutual offense” in this article.The second part analyzes and classifies the cases of master-slave committing crimes in the Criminal Cases Collection of Three Books. Analyzed four types of master-slave crimes: thefts, casualties, adulteries, and litigations, and analyzed the behavior and causes of each type of case. The same type of master-slave crime is committed in different ways, but the causes of the case are similar. In general, the causes of the various cases are common to all of them, including the ease of conflict between masters and slaves in cohabitation, the guidance of the relevant legal provisions, and the resistance of the slaves in the face of difficulties in obtaining relief. In addition to the common causes behind various cases, there are still unique reasons behind the formation of some cases.The third part explores the judicial operation of the master-slave committing crimes. On the basis of the trial and in conjunction with the provision of the law, it summarizes and characterizes the identification, invocation of the law and determination of penalties in the case. The law regulates the identification of master-slave. Single factor in determining the status of the owner; enumeration in the law based on the criterion of affinity; tendency for practice to expand in accordance with changes in the law. The factors affecting the legal status of slaves are numerous and complex, with the nature of the contract, the means of leaving the master’s home, the marital and family relationship etc., all bearing on the legal status of slaves. The cases of master-slave crimes are directly or mutatis mutandis to the law, regulations or cases. When citing the law, the judicial officers endeavored to clarify the relationship between masters and slaves, emphasizing the connection between the facts of the case and the law while giving due consideration to the emotional factors. The determination of penalties shows the characteristics of the same crime and different penalties for masters and slaves, and the judicial officers take into account all the circumstances to change the penalties in order to be fair in sentencing. Under certain circumstances, the Emperor will also change the sentence for reasons of justice. The outcome of the cases also reflects the importance attached to the follow-up of the person concerned.The master-slave relationship was a typical pair of relationship in the hierarchical society of the Qing Dynasty. Through the study of the cases of master-slave crime in the Qing Dynasty, we can understand the status and miserable situation of slaves in the master’s home, and also appreciate the important influence of legal provisions on the behavior orientation of the people, and the efforts made by judicial officers in equitable justice, so as to have a more comprehensive understanding of the situation of master-slave committing crimes each other in the Qing Dynasty.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2024-06-01
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2024-05-26
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