归属院系：

人权研究院（人权学院）

作者：

LIYEW ESTIFANOS BALEW

导师：

张永和

导师单位：

人权研究院（人权学院）

学位：

博士

语种：

英文

关键词：

: Criminal Proceeding, Ethiopia, Protection, Rights, Suspected Person

摘要：

犯罪嫌疑人即使具有犯罪嫌疑，并且他们的权利因其违法行为而受到限制，但仍享有受到保护的固有权利。对犯罪行为的处罚不应侵害犯罪嫌疑人的权利。然而，在埃塞俄比亚，侵害犯罪嫌疑人权利的情况很常见。因此，本研究探讨了埃塞俄比亚对犯罪嫌疑人权利的法律和实践保护。本研究探讨了与犯罪嫌疑人权利相关的法律制度，分析了犯罪嫌疑人权利的实际遵守情况，并明确了在埃塞俄比亚阻碍犯罪嫌疑人权利保护的挑战。本研究在调查过程中使用了法教义学研究和定性方法。教义学研究更适合回答以下研究问题：埃塞俄比亚的法律制度在多大程度上足以保障嫌疑人的权利？本研究采用定性方法来考察埃塞俄比亚对犯罪嫌疑人权利的实际保护情况。这种方法有助于获得权利受到刑事司法机构侵害的犯罪嫌疑人的直接经验。它还有助于笔者明确在埃塞俄比亚对于犯罪嫌疑人权利保护所存在的挑战和限制。笔者采用探索性案例研究设计来了解所设计研究领域内犯罪嫌疑人的权利状况及其保护，即埃塞俄比亚联邦警察管辖范围内的涉嫌宪法犯罪和恐怖主义犯罪的人。因为如果笔者的目标是详细了解问题，那么探索性案例研究设计是一种合适的研究策略。研究中使用了直接和间接数据来源。研究数据通过访谈、深度访谈、关键知情人访谈、直接文献资料、案例研究分析、文献分析和文献综述等方式收集。有目的的滚雪球式的方法被用于为本研究选择知情人。采用数据分析解释法并根据人权原则分析对犯罪嫌疑人的实际保护情况。研究发现，由于法律本身的缺陷以及未能实际落实埃塞俄比亚批准的国内法和国际人权文件所认可的权利，犯罪嫌疑人的权利面临着侵害。犯罪嫌疑人的人身保护权，获得赔偿的权利，在审讯阶段获得翻译人员的权利，获得国家指定辩护律师的权利，在整个法律程序中获得辩护律师的权利，在审讯期间获得法律代表的权利，获得迅速审判的权利以及获得保释的权利都因为法律的漏洞而面临着侵害。犯罪嫌疑人在埃塞俄比亚面临的其他侵害包括犯罪嫌疑人的权利缺乏有效遵守和实际落实。因此，犯罪嫌疑人在逮捕期间、讯问侦查期间、庭审期间、审判期间、审后阶段、羁押期间或者在看守所，都面临着权利受到侵害的情况。在逮捕期间，犯罪嫌疑人了解因何被逮捕和指控的权利、免遭任意拘留的权利以及免遭强迫失踪和单独监禁的权利受到侵犯。犯罪嫌疑人的不自证其罪的权利、禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的权利以及进入法庭调查和审讯阶段的权利受到侵犯。在庭审期间，犯罪嫌疑人的保释权以及免受刑讯逼供和排除通过非法手段获得的证据的权利受到了侵害。在审判阶段，犯罪嫌疑人诉诸有效司法的权利、在被证明有罪之前被推定无罪的权利、聘请律师和辩护律师的权利、获得迅速审判的权利、保护辩护证人的权利以及接受独立司法机构审判的权利受到了侵害。犯罪嫌疑人的权利在羁押期间或在看守所内受到侵犯。因此，在埃塞俄比亚，拘留中心的拘留待遇权受到了侵害。犯罪嫌疑人的权利在审后阶段也受到侵犯。因非法羁押被揭露而被宣告无罪的犯罪嫌疑人面临着其权利受到侵犯但却不能因此得到赔偿的境地。因此，被无罪释放的犯罪嫌疑人的补救权在埃塞俄比亚受到侵犯。法律和体制挑战是导致埃塞俄比亚犯罪嫌疑人权利缺乏有效保护的因素。缺乏关于审前国家指定辩护律师的法律，缺乏确定延迟审判的法律，缺乏限制还押的法律，缺乏对未能在规定时间内提出指控的检察官进行惩罚的法律，缺乏限制延期的法律以及对保释权缺乏明确性，这些都是暴露了犯罪嫌疑人的权利在埃塞俄比亚刑事诉讼中受到侵害的法律挑战。此外，警察、检察官、法院、监狱管理等体制问题也是埃塞俄比亚犯罪嫌疑人权利保护面临的挑战。基于调查结果，本研究建议应修订暴露出犯罪嫌疑人权利受到侵害的法律空白，以保障犯罪嫌疑人在刑事诉讼中的权利。此外，警察、检察官、法院和监狱中心应根据宪法和国际人权法原则履行其职责，以有效保护埃塞俄比亚犯罪嫌疑人的权利。

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New York. (1991).UN General Assembly. "Annotations on the text of the draft International Covenant on Human Rights prepared by the Secretary-General." Agenda item 28 (1955). 8.UN TreatiesUN General Assembly. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. December 20, 2006. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/2006/en/57490. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. December 13, 2006. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4680cd212.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. January 9, 2003.UN General Assembly. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. December 18, 1990. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f2391c.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, A/RES/44/128. December 15, 1989. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1989/en/26368. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Convention on the Rights of the Child. November 20. 1989. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. December 19, 1966. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3bf0.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly, Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, United Nations. December 10, 1984, https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1984/en/13941. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. December 18, 1979.https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. December 16,1966. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1966/en/17703. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. December 16, 1966. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Office of the Higher Commission. Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the Wounded and sick in armed forces in the field. August 12, 1949.UN Office of the Higher Commission. Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of Wounded, sick, and shipwrecked Members of armed forces at sea. August 12, 1949.UN Office of the Higher Commission. Geneva Conventions to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. August 12, 1949.UN Office of the Higher Commission. Geneva Convention to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949. August 12, 1949.UN Office of the Higher Commission. Protocol Additional I to the Geneva Conventions, 1949. August 12, 1949. UN Office of the Higher Commission. Protocol Additional II to the Geneva Conventions, 1949. August 12, 1949.9.UN Declarations/Charters/Principles/Guidelines/Resolutions/PlansUN General Assembly. Human rights in the administration of justice. February 18, 2015. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/553f79204.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, A/RES/60/147, 21 March 2006. https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2006/en/12095[accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. July 17, 1998. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3a84.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules): resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 April 1991, A/RES/45/110, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f22117.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers. September 07, 1990. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-role-lawyers. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. UN Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal, Arbitrary, and Summary Executions. May 24, 1989. UN General Assembly. Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. December 9, 1988.UN General Assembly. Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary. November 29, 1985.UN General Assembly. United Nations Specialised Conferences, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, United Nations. August 30, 1955. https://www.refworld.org/legal/otherinstr/un/1955/en/108625. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, December 10 10, 1948. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Council. United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court- Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: A/HRC/30/37. July 06, 2015. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/55d2f44a4.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].10.General Comments/General RecommendationsAssembly, UN General. Resolution 45/110. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules). Adopted 14 December. A/RES/45/110, 1990.UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). General comment no. 35, Article 9 (Liberty and security of person). December 16, 2014. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/553e0f984.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), General comment no. 32, Article 14, Right to equality before courts and tribunals and to fair trial, CCPR/C/GC/32. August 23, 2007. https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/hrc/2007/en/52583. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), General comment no. 31 [80], The nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13. May 20, 2004. https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/hrc/2004/en/52451. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). CCPR General Comment No. 29: Article 4: Derogations during a State of Emergency. August 31, 2001. available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883fd1f.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].Human Rights Committee. "General Comment No. 20 replaces General Comment No. 7 concerning the prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment (Art. 7), ICCPR." 44th Session 10 (1992). UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. 21: Article 10 (Humane Treatment of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty). April 10, 1992. https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/hrc/1992/en/12211. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). CCPR General Comment No. 13: Article 14 (Administration of Justice), Equality before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law. April 13, 1984, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883f90.html. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). CCPR General Comment No. 8: Article 9 (Right to Liberty and Security of Persons), No. 8. June 30, 1982, https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/hrc/1982/en/70483. [accessed 12 December 2023].11.Concluding Observations UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Czech Republic, CCPR/CO/72/CZE/Add.2. July 25, 2003. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2003/en/33040. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Georgia, CCPR/CO/74/GEO. April 19, 2002. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2002/en/38294. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Peru, CCPR/CO/70/PER. November 15, 2000. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2000/en/12311. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Gabon, CCPR/CO/70/GAB. November 10, 2000. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2000/en/9918. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Ireland, U.N. Doc. A/55/40. July 27, 2000. Available at: http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/hrcommittee/ireland2000.html [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Kuwait, CCPR/CO/69/KWT. July 27, 2000. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2000/en/18128. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: United Kingdom and UK Overseas Territories, CCPR/CO/73/UK. December 6, 2001. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2001/en/21056. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Romania, CCPR/C/79/Add.111. July 28, 1999. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/1999/en/30106. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Sudan, Doc CCPR/C/79/Add 85 (1997). May 5, 1997. https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/1997/en/29968. [accessed 12 December 2023].UN General Assembly. Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors. September 7, 1990. available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/guidelines-role-prosecutors. [accessed 12 December 2023].12.Regional Human Rights InstrumentsACHPR. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights ("Banjul Charter"), June 27, 1981.ACHR. American Convention on Human Rights, "Pact of San Jose", Costa Rica. November 22, 1969.African Union. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. November 29, 1999. AHRD. ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. November 19, 2012. ArCHR. League of Arab States, Arab Charter on Human Rights. September 15, 1994. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/las/1994/en/10672. [accessed 12 December 2023].Council of Europe. European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. November 26, 1987. ECHR. European Convention on Human Rights: European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, ETS 5, 4 November 1950. 1953.Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. May 2, 1948. https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/iachr/1948/en/46669. [accessed 12 December 2023].Organization of American States. Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (IACPPT). 1985.13.AU Resolutions/Reports/Recommendations/Concluding ObservationsAfrican Commission. General Comment No. 4 on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The Right to Redress for Victims of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Punishment or Treatment (Article 5), March 2017. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Right to Rehabilitation for Victims of Torture, 7 May 2015. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Guidelines on the Conditions of Arrest, Police Custody and Pre-Trial Detention in Africa (Luanda Guidelines), April 2015. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Respect and the Strengthening of the Independence of the Judiciary. (2014). [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Joint Press Release on the Verdict against Sanaa Seif, Yara Sallam and 21 Other Co-accused in Egypt, 04 November, 2014. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Concluding Observations and Recommendations on the 4th and 5th Periodic Report of the Republic of Sudan, Adopted at 12th Extraordinary Session, 30 July–4 August 2012, Algiers, Algeria. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Report of the Promotion Mission of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Africa to the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, 26 March–01 April 2012. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Right to Nationality. April 23, 2013. [accessed 15 February 2024].Africa Commission. Johannesburg Declaration and Plan of Action on the Prevention and Criminalization of Torture in Africa. Johannesburg, August 21–23, 2012. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Concluding Observations and Recommendations on the Third Periodic Report of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Forty-Fourth Ordinary Session, 10–24 November 2008, Abuja, Nigeria. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Prevention and Prohibition of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 30 May 2007. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Adoption of the Lilongwe Declaration on Accessing Legal Aid in the Criminal Justice System. 29 November 2006[accessed 15 February 2024].African Union. Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, African Union, 11 July 2003. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa (AU Principles and Guidelines), 2003. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Guideline and Measure for the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture, Cruel and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Africa (Robben Island Guidelines). (2002). [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Ouagadougou Declaration and Plan of Action on Accelerating Prisons and Penal Reform in Africa, 20 September 2002. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Dakar Declaration and Recommendations on the Right to a Fair Trial in Africa (Dakar Declaration). (1999). [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Resolution on the Right to Recourse and Fair Trial (AU Fair Trial Principles). 1992. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Union. Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. June 10, 1998. [accessed 15 February 2024].African Commission. Kampala Declaration on Prison Conditions in Africa, adopted at the Kampala Seminar on Prison Conditions in Africa, 21 September 1996. [accessed 15 February 2024].14.ThesisAbiyou Girma. “The police and Human rights in Ethiopia” MA Thesis., Addis Ababa University, 2013.Adisu, Gulilat. "The human rights of detained persons in Ethiopia: Case study in Addis Ababa." Unpublished MA Thesis. Addis Ababa University (2012).Cherenet Gebrehiwot. "Protection of Fundamental Human Rights under the Criminal Procedure Law; with special reference to the criminal procedure code of Ethiopia" MA Thesis., Addis Ababa University, 1992.Gidey, Meles. " Condition of Detentions in Prisoners of Ethiopia.” Unpublished MA Thesis. Addis Ababa University (2013).Tesfaye, Tadesse. "Freedom from Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment." Unpublished MA Thesis. Addis Ababa University (2011).15.Online ResourcesChristian Tadele Speech in front of the Judges in a court on April 5, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aQfTXriCd0. [accessed 29 June 2024].Gobeze Sisay, May 10, 2022. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid023VoPWmhSVaDmiaGsMJEsUJNq814q2kERTVXVQ1vq7tTahJ4Bn3mCzVweuqUoGN3Bl&id=100010544402822&mibextid=Nif5oz. [accessed 26 May 2024].Gogot for Gurage Unity and Justice Party. Human Rights violations committed in Gurage reach in its alarming stages. December 20, 2023. [accessed 29 May 2024].Niguse Birhanu Interview on Yegna Tv, On march 25, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yk3Kzm17aPU&t=275s. [accessed 26 March 2024].Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's speech to the parliament in the first half-year parliamentary briefing speech. February 6, 2024. [accessed 27 June 2024].Security and Intelligence Task Force. Aborted Intrigue: Documentary Film. April 29, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvpyHkha194. [accessed 29 June 2024].Supreme Court President. It has to be after their immunity is deprived with justified reason when judges suspected of a crime (Literally Translated). November 6, 2022. https://t.me/tikvahethiopia/74594. [accessed 29 March 2024].Tamrat Negera Interview with National Press Club, May 3, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLi-ueAteLg. [accessed 26 March 2024].Taye Bogale Interview on Yegna TV, April 8, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnR1Tj9oCSc&t=256s. [accessed 26 March 2024].Victims' report to the court, on December 19, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiByHfiC5EI. [accessed 29 March 2024].Yohanis Boyalew Speech in front of the Judges in a court on April 5, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aQfTXriCd0. [accessed 29 June 2024].16.NewsAbay Media Network. 42 Immigration and Citizenship Service leaders and workers plunged in corruption and male administration has been detained. October 19, 2023. https://www.facebook.com/story.php/?story_fbid=318530667461096&id=100079124940905&paipv. [accessed 29 October 2024].African Press Agency. Three Killed in Addis Shootout. April 24, 2024. https://apanews.net/three-killed-in-addis-shootout/ [accessed 29 June 2024].Addis Insight. Where Is Christian Tadele? MP Arrested Under Emergency Declaration Not Found in Custody. August 21, 2023. https://addisinsight.net/where-is-christian-tadele-mp-arrested-under-emergency-declaration-not-found-in-custody/.[accessed 27 May 2024].BBC Amharic News. Kaliti prison head is ordered by the court to explain the file of Yohanis Boyalew and others. May 13, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/amharic/articles/cqvnn2jx2w8o? at_link_type=web_link&at_link_id=7B54E4E4-113C-11EF-9C00 [accessed 29 June 2024].BBC Amharic. Batte Urgessa, political officer of OLF has been found killed. April 10, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/amharic/articles/c51n3z6p52ro?at_ptr_name=facebook. [accessed 24 April 2024].BBC. House of Peoples Representative Member Dessalegn Chane has been arrested and detained by security forces. February 9, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/amharic/articles/c72gzj0x6z8o. [accessed 24 April 2024].First post media. Ethiopia's Secret "Security Committee" Accused of Murder & Abductions. March 1, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7wg_0etu_o. [accessed 24 April 2024].BBC Amharic News. Awash Arba: ’Tropical Guantanamo’ - known for mass detention in Ethiopia. February, 2, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/amharic/articles/cyejgk207ero? [accessed 29 June 2024].Reporter. Punishment has begun on security forces that are abusing their power and responsibility. April 24, 2024. https://www.ethiopianreporter.com/128923/.Reuters. In Ethiopia, a secret committee orders killings and arrests to crush rebels. February 23, 2024.https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/ethiopia-violence committee/?fbclid=IwAR2GIgPJ6DYKpcPjkNa8zJCwRBB4nj-uUlgnCYqyih3eFLSjbywJW6umv-A. [accessed 27 May 2024].17.Ethiopian laws, policies, and plans17.1.ConstitutionsThe First Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia. 1931.The Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia, Negarit Gazeta, No. 12, (1955).The Constitution of the Peoples' Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation, No.1, (1987). FDRE Constitution. The constitution of the federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, 1. 1995.17.2.Laws and Policies CC. The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 414/2004. 2005. CPC. "Proclamation No. 185." Extraordinary Issue 1. 1961.Council of Ministers Regulations No. 268. Federal Police Officer Administration Regulation.2012. Council of Ministers Regulations No. 86. Federal Police Commission Administration. 2003.Criminal Justice Administration Policy. FDRE Criminal Justice Administration Policy. 2011.Proclamation No. 1174. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities, Ethiopia: Federal Prison Proclamation February 17, 2019Proclamation No. 882. The Revised Anticorruption Special Procedure and Rules of Evidence (Amendment), proclamation. 2015.Proclamation No. 720. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Federal Police Commission Establishment Proclamation. November 28, 2011. Proclamation No. 434. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities, Ethiopia: Proclamation No. 434/2005, Revised Anti-Corruption Special Procedure and Rules of Evidence Proclamation. January 27, 2005.Proclamation No. 384. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities, Ethiopia: Proclamation No. 384/2004, Vagrancy Control Proclamation. January 27, 2004.Proclamation No. 27. National Legislative Bodies / National Authorities, Ethiopia: Proclamation No.27/1996, A Proclamation on the Defense Forces of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. February 15, 1996. 18.Cases18.1.UN Human Rights CommitteeCCPR/C/1/D/ 27/1978 (LarryJames Pinkney v. Canada)CCPR/C/7/D/5/1977 (Massera et al. v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/10/D/4/1977 (William Torres Ramirez v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/12/D/33/1978 (Leopoldo Buffo Carballal v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/12/D/44/1979 (Alba Pietraroia Alba Pietraroia v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/17/D/84/1981 (Guillermo Ignacio Dermit Barbato et al. v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/18/D/16/1977 (Mbenge v. Zaire)CCPR/C/18/D/74/1980 (Estrella v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/19/D/43/1979 (Adolfo Drescher Caldas v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/19/D/107/1981 (Almeida de Quinteros v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/24/D/89/1981 (Muhonen v. Finland)CCPR/C/25/D/139/1983 (Hiber Conteris v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/31/D/188/1984 (Ramon B. Martinez Portorreal v. Dominican Republic)CCPR/C/35/D/223/1987 (Robinson v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/35/D/265/1987 (Vuolanne v. Finland)CCPR/C/36/D/238/1987 ( Bolanos v. Ecuador)CCPR/C/38/D/291/1988 (Torres v Finland)CCPR/C/39/D/305/1988 (Van Alphen v The Netherlands)CCPR/C/41/D/226/1987 (Sawyers, McLean and McLean v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/41/D/253/1987 (Paul Kelly v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/41/D/256/1987 (Sawyers, McLean, and McLean v. Jamaica) CCPR/C/43/D/283/l988 (Little v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/43/D/336/1988 (Bizouarn Fillastre v. Bolivia)CCPR/C/44/D/248/1987 (Campbell v Jamaica)CCPR/C/44/D/289/1988 (Dieter Wolf v. Panama)CCPR/C/44/D/277/1988 (Marieta Terán Jijón v. Ecuador)CCPR/C/44/D/289/1988 (Dieter Wolf v. Panama)CCPR/C/45/D/293/1988 (Hibbert v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/46/D/237/1987 (Gordon v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/46/D/263/1987 (Gonzalez del Rio v. Peru)CCPR/C/46/D/432/1990 (W. B. E. v The Netherlands)CCPR/C/47/D/282/1988 (Smith v Jamaica)CCPR/C/49/D/321/1988 (Thomas v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/49/D/468/1991 (Oló Bahamonde v. Equatorial Guinea)CCPR/C/50/D/330/1988 (Berry v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/50/D/353/1998 (Grant v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/50/D/440/1990 (El-Megreisi v. the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)CCPR/C/50/D/521/1992 (Vladimir Kulomin v. Hungary)CCPR/C/51/D/451/1991 ( Harward v Norway)CCPR/C/51/D/456/199 (Celepli v. Sweden)CCPR/C/51/D/458/1991 (Albert Womah Mukong v. Cameroon)CCPR/C/52/D/386/1989 (Famara Kone v. Senegal)CCPR/C/53/D/493/1992 (Griffin v. Spain)CCPR/C/54/D/473/199 (del Cid Gómez v. Panama)CCPR/C/54/D/583/1994 (Herman van der Houwen v. The Netherlands)CCPR/C/55/D/373/1989 (Stephens v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/56/D/597/1994 (Peter Grant v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/57/D/537/1993 (Kelly v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/59/D/526/1993 (Michael and Brian Hill v. Spain)CCPR/C/59/D/528/1993 (Michael Steadman v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993 (A v. Australia)CCPR/C/59/D/561/1993 (Williams v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/60/D/702/1996 (Clifford McLawrence v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/60/D/707/1996 (Taylor v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/61/D/554/1993 (LaVende v. Trinidad and Tobago)CCPR/C/61/D/577/1994 (Polay Campos v Peru)CCPR/C/62/D/623/1995 (Domukovsky and Others v. Georgia)CCPR/C/62/D/749/1997 (Deon McTaggart v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/62/D/704/1996 (Steve Shaw v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/64/D/594/1992 (Phillip v Trinidad and Tobago)CCPR/C/64/D/618/1995 (Barrington Campbell v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/64/D/663/1995 (Morrison v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/65/D/775/1997 (Brown v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/66/D/669/1996 (Maleki v. Italy)CCPR/C/66/D/754/1997 (A v. New Zealand)CCPR/C/68/D/625/1995 (Michael Freemantle v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/68/D/711/1996 (Carlos Dias v. Angola)CCPR/C/69/D/770/1997 (Mr. Dimitry L. Gridin v. Russian Federation)CCPR/C/72/D/818/1998 (Sextus v. Trinidad and Tobago)CCPR/C/73/D/788/1997 (Cagas et al. v. Philippines)CCPR/C/74/D/667/1995 (Ricketts v. Jamaica)CCPR/C/75/D/852/1999 (Mr. Rostislav Borisenko v. Hungary)CCPR/C/76/D/838/1998 (Hendricks v. Guyana)CCPR/C/76/D/852/1999 (Borisenko v. Hungary)CCPR/C/77/D/908/2000 (Mr. Xavier Evans v. Trinidad and Tobago)CCPR/C/77/D/980/2001 (Hussain v. Mauritius)CCPR/C/78/D/986/2001 (Semey v. Spain)CCPR/C/81/D/815/1998 (Dugin v. the Russian Federation)CCPR/C/81/D/1033/2001 (Singarasa v. Sri Lanka)CCPR/C/81/D/1117/2002 (Khomidova v. Tajikistan)CCPR/C/82/D/1073/2002 (Terrón v. Spain)CCPR/C/83/D/971/2001 (Arutyuniantz v. Uzbekistan)CCPR/C/83/D/1128/2002 (Rafael Marques De Morais v. Angola) CCPR/C/82/D/903/1999 (Van Hulst v. Netherlands)CCPR/C/84/D/1061/2002 (Fijalkowska v. Poland)CCPR/C/84/D/1095/2002 (Bernadno Gomuariz Valcra v. Spain)CCPR/C/85/D/907/2000 (Sigareva v. Uzbekistan)CCPR/C/85/D/913/2000 (Chan v. Guyana)CCPR/C/85/D/1218/2003 (Platonov v. Russian Federation)CCPR/C/86/D/1123/2002 (Correia de Matos v. Portugal)CCPR/C/86/D/1177/2003 (Willy Wenga Ilombe and Nsii Luanda Shandwe v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)CCPR/C/92/D/1466/2006 (Lumango and Santos v The Philippines)CCPR/C/93/D/1437/2005 (Wolfgang Jenny v. Austria)CCPR/C/98/D/1467/2006 (Dumont v. Canada)CCPR/C/98/D/1623/2007 (Espriella v. Colombia)CCPR/C/99/D/1369/2005 (Kulov v. Kyrgyzstan)CCPR/C/100/D/1449/2006 (Indira Umarova v. Uzbekistan)CCPR/C/101/D/1402/2005 (Krasnova v Kyrgyzstan)CCPR/C/102/D/1812/2008 (Pavel Levinov v. Belarus)CCPR/C/118/D/2107/2011 (Vyacheslav Berezhnoy v. Russian Federation)CCPR/C/118/D/2465/2014 (Eugène Diomi Ndongala Nzo Mambu v Democratic Republic of the Congo)CCPR/C/122/D/2212/2012 (Andrei Sannikovv. Belarus)CCPR/C/122/D/2252/2013 (Annadurdy Khadzhiyev & Ogulsapar Muradova v. Turkmenistan)CCPR/C/122/D/2364/2014 (Sarita Devi Sharma, Bijaya Sharma Paudel and Basanta Sharma Paudelv. Nepal)CCPR/C/132/D/2900/2016 (A.S.v. Australia)CCPR/C/135/D/2703/2015 (Nikita Likhovid v. Belarus)CCPR/C/136/D/2903/2016 (Nikolay Dedok v. Belarus) CCPR/C/OP/1/1984 (Lopez v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/OP/2/80/1990 (Adolfo Drescher Caldas v. Uruguay)CCPR/C/OP/2/124/1990 (Luyeye Magana ex-Philibert v. Zaire)CAT/C/34/D/212/2002 (Kepa Urra Guridi v. Spain)18.2.European Commission on Human Rights Application No. 5310/71 (Ireland v The United Kingdom)Application No. 1602/62 (Stogmuller v. Austria)Application No. 6694/74 (Artico v. Italy)Application No. 7025/04 (Pishchalnikov v. Russia)Application No. 7819/77 (Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom)Application No. 20524/92 (Doorson v. Netherlands)Applications Nos. 21279/02 (Lindon, Otchakovsky-Laurens and July V. France)Application No. 22600/93 (Daud v. Portugal)Application Nos. 26766/05 (Al-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom)Application No. 26891/95 (Lagerblom v. Sweden)Application No. 27503/04 (Yoldaș v. Turkey)Application No. 38830/97 (Czekalla v. Portugal)Application No. 38784/97 (Morris v. United Kingdom)Application No. 5310/71 (Ireland v. The United Kingdom)Application No. 11681/85 (SandersS.A. v. Spain)Application No. 31333/06 (McFarlane v. Ireland)Application No. 39742/05 (PiotrBaranowski v Poland)Application No. 56581/2000 (Sejdovic v. Italy)Application No. 6232/73 (König v. Germany)Application No. 8692/79 (Piersack V. Belgium)Application No. 9024/80 (Colozza v. Italy)Application No. 9783/82 (Kamasinski v. Austria)Application no. 9862/82 (Sanchez-Reisse v. Switzerland)Application No 11106/04 ( Ekeberg and Others V. Norway)Application No. 11454/85 (Kostovski v. Netherlands)Application no. 15175/89 (Allenet de Ribemont v. France)Application no. 18731/91 (Murray v United Kingdom)Application no. 19187/91 (Saunders v United Kingdom)Application no. 23969/94 (Mattoccia v Italy)18.3.African Commission on Human and Peoples’ RightsCommunication 016/2016 (Diocles William v Tanzania)Communications 54/91-61/91-96/93-98/93-164/97_196/97210/98 (Malawi African Association v Mauritania)Communications 64/92 (Krishna Achuthan (on behalf of Aleke Banda) v Malawi) Communication 97/93 (John K Modise v Botswana)Communication 101/93 (Civil Liberties Organisation (in respect of the Nigerian Bar Association) v Nigeria)Communication 103/93 (Alhassan Abubakar v Ghana)Communication 105/93-128/94-130/94-152/96 (Media Rights Agenda, Constitutional Rights Project, Media Rights Agenda and Constitutional Rights Project v Nigeria)Comm. Nos. 137/94, 139/94, 154/96, and 161/97 (International Pen, Constitutional Rights Project, Civil Liberties Organization and Inter rights v Nigeria)Communication 151/96 (Civil Liberties Organisation v Nigeria)Communication 153/96 (Constitutional Rights Project v Nigeria)Communication 155/96 (The Social and Economic Rights Action Center v Nigeria)Communication 197/97 (Bah Ould Rabah v Mauritania)Communication 204/97 (Movement burkinabé des droits de l’Homme et des peuples v Burkina Faso)Communication 222/98-229/99 (Law Office of Ghazi Suleiman v Sudan)Communication 224/98 (Media Rights Agenda v Nigeria)Communication 225/98 (Huri-Laws v Nigeria)Communication 232/99 (John D. Ouko v Kenya)Communication 236/00 (Curtis Francis Doebbler v Sudan)Communication 241/01 (Purohit and Moore v Gambia)Communication 245/02 (Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v Zimbabwe)Communication 259/2002 (Groupe de Travail sur les Dossiers Judiciares Stratégiques v Democratic Republic of Congo)Communication 266/03 (Kevin Mgwanga Gunme et al v Cameroon)Communication 274/03 and 282/03 (Interights, ASADHO and Madam O. Disu v Democratic Republic of Congo)Communication 277/03 (Spilg and Mack and Ditshwanelo v Botswana)Communications 279/03-296/05 (Sudan Human Rights Organisation & Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE) v Sudan)Communication 279/03 (Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions v Sudan)Communication 281/03 (Marcel Wetsh’okonda Koso and others v Democratic Republic of the Congo)Communication 284/03 (Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights and Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe v Zimbabwe)Communication 286/2004 (Dino Noca v Democratic Republic of the Congo)Communication 288/04 (Gabriel Shumba v Zimbabwe)Communication 292/04 (Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (on behalf of Esmaila Connateh & 13 others) v Angola)Communication 294/04 (Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights and Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (on behalf of Andrew Barclay Meldrum) v Zimbabwe)Communication 302/05 (Mamboleo M. Itundamilamba v Democratic Republic of Congo)Communication 317/2006 (The Nubian Community in Kenya v The Republic of Kenya)Communication 318/06 (Open Society Justice Initiative v Cote d’Ivoire)Communication 368/09 (Abdel Hadi, Ali Radi & Others v Republic of Sudan)Communication 301/05 (Haregewoin Gebre-Sellaise & IHRDA (on behalf of former Dergue officials) v Ethiopia)Communication 302/05 (Mamboleo M. Itundamilamba v Democratic Republic of Congo)Communication 318/06 (Open Society Justice Initiative v Côte d’Ivoire)Communication 322/2006 (Tsatsu Tsikata v Republic of Ghana)Communication 323/06 (Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and INTERIGHTS v Egypt)Communication 334/06 (Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt)Communication 339/2007 (Patrick Okiring and Agupio Samson (represented by Human Rights Network and ISIS-WICCE) v Uganda)Communication 368/09, (Abdel Hadi, Ali Radi & Others v Republic of Sudan)Communication 379/09 (Monim Elgak, Osman Hummeida and Amir Suliman v Sudan)Communication 409/12 (Luke Munyandu Tembani and Benjamin John Freeth (represented by Norman Tjombe) v Angola and Thirteen Others)18.4.National Case LawsNo. 2008-KA-00146-SCT (John Deeds V. State of Mississippi)Communication No. 72034/2004 (Tigray region Atsibi woreda Justice Office v. Hagos Woldemicael)

学科：

人权法学

提交日期：

2025-05-25

引用参考：

LIYEW ESTIFANOS BALEW. Critical Analysis of Legal and Practical Protections of Suspected Persons’ Rights in Ethiopia[D]. 西南政法大学,2025.

全文附件授权许可：

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