A Study on the Application of Fair Use Doctrine in Machine Learning

A Study on the Application of Fair Use Doctrine in Machine Learning

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归属院系：

国际教育学院

作者：

NYONGO BRANDON TINOTENDA

导师：

秦洁

导师单位：

国际法学院

学位：

硕士

语种：

英文

关键词：

Artificial Intelligence (AI, Machine learning (ML), , Fair Use Doctrine, copyright, , Transformative Use.

摘要：

人工智能人工智能（AI）正在深刻重塑现代技术与人类生活，带来前所未有的便利的同时，也对传统版权法构成重大挑战。作为AI的基础，机器学习（ML）在训练过程中高度依赖包含大量受版权保护作品的数据集。传统上，非表达性使用可在合理使用原则下得到豁免，从而促进技术进步。然而，随着ML系统生成的内容愈发具备转换性乃至表达性，版权保护与技术发展的界限日益模糊。Authors Guild诉Google、Thomson Reuters诉ROSS Intelligence、Getty Images诉Stability AI等案例，凸显了AI公司在现行版权框架下所面临的法律困境。本文探讨了机器学习过程中的潜在版权侵权风险，并深入分析其对合理使用原则及“转换性使用”“表达性使用”等例外理论的挑战。通过比较分析美国、欧盟、中国等司法辖区的版权制度，本文评估了现行法律与监管机制的适应性，并考察相关诉讼进展、立法动态与许可模式。最后，本文提出包括商业许可、法定许可、公私合作等多元化解决方案，旨在推动人工智能发展与版权保护之间实现动态平衡

参考文献：

Sobel, B. L. W. (2017). Artificial Intelligence's Fair Use Crisis. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, 41(1), 45-89. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997416 Abecassis, D. (2019). Copyright Implications of Artificial Intelligence. *European Intellectual Property Review, 41(12), 758-766. Barr, A., & Feigenbaum, E. A. (2019). The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence*. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual Property Law (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. Bridy, A. (2016). Coding creativity: Copyright and the artificially intelligent author. Stanford Technology Law Review, 21(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2808160Burk, D. L. (2019). Algorithmic Fair Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 86(2), 283–308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26590556Cohen, J. E. (2017).Law for the Platform Economy. Harvard Law Review, 130(6), 1658-1703. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3002590 Discusses legal challenges in the platform economy, providing insights relevant to AI and digital content. Explores international aspects of intellectual property law, essential for understanding global regulatory frameworks. Gervais, D. (2019). The Machine as Author. *Iowa Law Review, 105(5), 2053-2106. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3359524Ginsburg, J. C., & Sirinelli, P. (2017).Private International Law Aspects of Intellectual Property*. Oxford University Press.Goldstein, P., & Hugenholtz, P. B. (2019).International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.Haugh, B. A., Kaminski, N. J., Madhavan, P., McDaniel, E. A., Pavlak, C. R., Sparrow, D. A., Tate, D. M., & Williams, B. L. (2018). Appendix B.: The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. In RFI Response: National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (pp. 15–64). Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22865.11Haugh, B. A., Kaminski, N. J., Madhavan, P., McDaniel, E. A., Pavlak, C. R., Sparrow, D. A., Tate, D. M., & Williams, B. L. (2018). Appendix B.: The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. In RFI Response: National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (pp. 15–64). Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22865.11Hugenholtz, P. B. (2012).Copyright Reconstructed: Rethinking Copyright's Economic Rights in a Time of Highly Dynamic Technological and Economic Change*. In A. Kamperman Sanders (Ed.), The Future of Copyright in a Digital Environment* (pp. 123-156). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9055-9_7Kim, N. S. (2018).Intellectual Property, Fair Use, and the Digital Economy. NYU Press.Lemley, M. A., & Casey, B. (2020). Fair Learning. Stanford Law School. Retrieved from SSRN.Lerner, J., & Tirole, J. (2014).The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(2), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330054048703 Loaiza, F. L., Birdwell, J. D., Kennedy, G. L., & Visser, D. (2019). Utility of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity. Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22692 McCutcheon, J. P. (2020). Artificial intelligence and copyright in the digital age: The need for an international approach. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 23(3-4), 372-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12156Miller, A. R. (1993). Copyright Protection for Computer Programs, Databases, and Computer-Generated Works: Is Anything New Since CONTU? Harvard Law Review, 106(5), 977–1073. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341682Miller, P. C. (1979). Copyright: When Is Fair Use Not Fair? Educational Technology, 19(1), 44–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44421314Offers a detailed examination of intellectual property law, including sections relevant to AI and copyright.Palazzolo, G. (2021).Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Trends, Issues, and Perspectives. Journal of Law & Innovation, 7(1), 45-79. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762832 Samuelson, P. (2016). Freedom to Tinker. Fordham Law Review, 84(4), 1511-1545. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757123Samuelson, P. (2018).The Quest for a Sound Conception of Copyright's Derivative Work Right. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, 40(1), 1-74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997416Schwabach, A. (2020).Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age: AI, Big Data, and the Internet of Things. West Academic Publishing. Smith, B. (2018). Fair Use and Machine Learning. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 33(3), 127-158. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38F47GR79Strowel, A. (2019).Copyright and the Digital Agenda. European Intellectual Property Review, 41(6), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449324These references cover various topics related to copyright law, fair use doctrine, and the implications of artificial intelligence, providing a solid foundation for the research study. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of AI, including discussions on legal and ethical implications.Tushnet, R. (2016).Economies of Desire: Fair Use and Market Failure in Copyright Law. Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 24(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2841711Van der Noll, R. (2016). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation: Insights from Patent Data. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2845678 Zhou, Z., & Ling, X. (2023). The Dilemma of Fair Use of Artificial Intelligence Painting and Its Regulations. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 18(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpad011

提交日期：

2025-05-26

引用参考：

NYONGO BRANDON TINOTENDA. A Study on the Application of Fair Use Doctrine in Machine Learning[D]. 西南政法大学,2025.

全文附件授权许可：

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • A Study on the Application of Fair Use Doctrine in Machine Learning
  • dc.title
  • A Study on the Application of Fair Use Doctrine in Machine Learning
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • WS202303510224
  • dc.contributor.author
  • NYONGO BRANDON TINOTENDA
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 国际教育学院
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法律硕士专业学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2025
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • IP Law
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 秦洁
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 国际法学院
  • dc.language.iso
  • 英文
  • dc.subject
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI,Machine learning (ML),,Fair Use Doctrine, copyright,,Transformative Use.
  • dc.subject
  • Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine learning (ML), Fair Use Doctrine, copyright, Transformative Use
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 人工智能人工智能（AI）正在深刻重塑现代技术与人类生活，带来前所未有的便利的同时，也对传统版权法构成重大挑战。作为AI的基础，机器学习（ML）在训练过程中高度依赖包含大量受版权保护作品的数据集。传统上，非表达性使用可在合理使用原则下得到豁免，从而促进技术进步。然而，随着ML系统生成的内容愈发具备转换性乃至表达性，版权保护与技术发展的界限日益模糊。Authors Guild诉Google、Thomson Reuters诉ROSS Intelligence、Getty Images诉Stability AI等案例，凸显了AI公司在现行版权框架下所面临的法律困境。本文探讨了机器学习过程中的潜在版权侵权风险，并深入分析其对合理使用原则及“转换性使用”“表达性使用”等例外理论的挑战。通过比较分析美国、欧盟、中国等司法辖区的版权制度，本文评估了现行法律与监管机制的适应性，并考察相关诉讼进展、立法动态与许可模式。最后，本文提出包括商业许可、法定许可、公私合作等多元化解决方案，旨在推动人工智能发展与版权保护之间实现动态平衡
  • dc.description.abstract
  • Artificial Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized modern technology and human life, introducing unprecedented convenience and significant challenges to copyright law. Machine learning (ML), the cornerstone of AI, relies heavily on vast datasets for training, often involving copyrighted works. Traditionally, non-expressive or incidental uses of such works could be justified under the fair use doctrine, facilitating technological advancement without infringing the copyright owner's exclusive rights. However, as ML now underpins AI systems that increasingly generate transformative and expressive outputs, the boundaries between copyright protection and technological development become obscure.High-profile cases such as Authors Guild v. Google, Thomson Reuters v. ROSS Intelligence, and Getty Images v. Stability AI highlight the legal struggles AI companies face under current copyright frameworks. This paper examines the inherent risks of copyright infringement in the machine learning process and investigates its implications for the fair use doctrine, particularly focusing on transformative and expressive use as potential exceptions to copyright infringement.Through a comparative analysis of copyright frameworks across jurisdictions in regulating machine learning and applying the fair use doctrine, this study evaluates current legal and regulatory mechanisms. It further investigates ongoing litigation, legislative efforts, and licensing models aimed at resolving conflicts between copyright owners’ rights and the demand for innovation in AI technologies. This study also proposes practical solutions, including licensing agreements, statutory licenses, and public-private partnerships, to foster a balance between artificial intelligence development and copyright protection, recognizing expressive use as a legitimate exception where justified
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2025-05-26
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2025-05-22
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
  • Sobel, B. L. W. (2017). Artificial Intelligence's Fair Use Crisis. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, 41(1), 45-89. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997416 Abecassis, D. (2019). Copyright Implications of Artificial Intelligence. *European Intellectual Property Review, 41(12), 758-766. Barr, A., & Feigenbaum, E. A. (2019). The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence*. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual Property Law (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. Bridy, A. (2016). Coding creativity: Copyright and the artificially intelligent author. Stanford Technology Law Review, 21(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2808160Burk, D. L. (2019). Algorithmic Fair Use. The University of Chicago Law Review, 86(2), 283–308. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26590556Cohen, J. E. (2017).Law for the Platform Economy. Harvard Law Review, 130(6), 1658-1703. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3002590 Discusses legal challenges in the platform economy, providing insights relevant to AI and digital content. Explores international aspects of intellectual property law, essential for understanding global regulatory frameworks. Gervais, D. (2019). The Machine as Author. *Iowa Law Review, 105(5), 2053-2106. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3359524Ginsburg, J. C., & Sirinelli, P. (2017).Private International Law Aspects of Intellectual Property*. Oxford University Press.Goldstein, P., & Hugenholtz, P. B. (2019).International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.Haugh, B. A., Kaminski, N. J., Madhavan, P., McDaniel, E. A., Pavlak, C. R., Sparrow, D. A., Tate, D. M., & Williams, B. L. (2018). Appendix B.: The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. In RFI Response: National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (pp. 15–64). Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22865.11Haugh, B. A., Kaminski, N. J., Madhavan, P., McDaniel, E. A., Pavlak, C. R., Sparrow, D. A., Tate, D. M., & Williams, B. L. (2018). Appendix B.: The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan. In RFI Response: National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan (pp. 15–64). Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22865.11Hugenholtz, P. B. (2012).Copyright Reconstructed: Rethinking Copyright's Economic Rights in a Time of Highly Dynamic Technological and Economic Change*. In A. Kamperman Sanders (Ed.), The Future of Copyright in a Digital Environment* (pp. 123-156). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9055-9_7Kim, N. S. (2018).Intellectual Property, Fair Use, and the Digital Economy. NYU Press.Lemley, M. A., & Casey, B. (2020). Fair Learning. Stanford Law School. Retrieved from SSRN.Lerner, J., & Tirole, J. (2014).The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(2), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330054048703 Loaiza, F. L., Birdwell, J. D., Kennedy, G. L., & Visser, D. (2019). Utility of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity. Institute for Defense Analyses. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22692 McCutcheon, J. P. (2020). Artificial intelligence and copyright in the digital age: The need for an international approach. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 23(3-4), 372-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12156Miller, A. R. (1993). Copyright Protection for Computer Programs, Databases, and Computer-Generated Works: Is Anything New Since CONTU? Harvard Law Review, 106(5), 977–1073. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341682Miller, P. C. (1979). Copyright: When Is Fair Use Not Fair? Educational Technology, 19(1), 44–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44421314Offers a detailed examination of intellectual property law, including sections relevant to AI and copyright.Palazzolo, G. (2021).Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Trends, Issues, and Perspectives. Journal of Law & Innovation, 7(1), 45-79. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3762832 Samuelson, P. (2016). Freedom to Tinker. Fordham Law Review, 84(4), 1511-1545. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757123Samuelson, P. (2018).The Quest for a Sound Conception of Copyright's Derivative Work Right. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts, 40(1), 1-74. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997416Schwabach, A. (2020).Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age: AI, Big Data, and the Internet of Things. West Academic Publishing. Smith, B. (2018). Fair Use and Machine Learning. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 33(3), 127-158. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38F47GR79Strowel, A. (2019).Copyright and the Digital Agenda. European Intellectual Property Review, 41(6), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3449324These references cover various topics related to copyright law, fair use doctrine, and the implications of artificial intelligence, providing a solid foundation for the research study. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of AI, including discussions on legal and ethical implications.Tushnet, R. (2016).Economies of Desire: Fair Use and Market Failure in Copyright Law. Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 24(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2841711Van der Noll, R. (2016). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation: Insights from Patent Data. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2845678 Zhou, Z., & Ling, X. (2023). The Dilemma of Fair Use of Artificial Intelligence Painting and Its Regulations. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 18(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpad011
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