平台生态系统垄断的事前规制研究

A Study on Ex Ante Regulation of Monopolisation in Platform Ecosystems

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作者:

杜幸妍

导师:

杨文明

导师单位:

经济法学院(生态法学院)

学位:

硕士

语种:

中文

关键词:

平台经济;平台生态系统;生态支配力;反垄断;事前规制

摘要:

随着数字经济发展,平台企业由单一服务者转型为整合多边市场的平台生态系统核心。核心平台的竞争优势,也不再仅表现为单一相关市场的价格或市场份额,而更多在于对协同、接口开放和跨市场渗透中获取竞争优势,呈现可传导、可扩张和隐蔽性强等特征。以市场界定和事后处罚为主的传统反垄断机制,在识别对象、证明损害和干预时点上逐渐失效。这促使竞争法朝前置化的规制路径转型,以更好回应平台生态系统竞争问题。全文共分四个部分。第一部分为核心概念与问题提出,界定平台生态系统在竞争法中的分析地位,提出平台生态系统垄断的制度识别路径;第二部分分析平台生态垄断对既有竞争规制工具的冲击,论证引入事前治理的制度正当性与适配逻辑;第三部分从比较法角度考察主要法域的事前规制实践,并梳理三种典型制度模式;第四部分立足我国现实情况,提出本土化的事前规制设计方案,强化竞争法对平台生态系统垄断的应对能力。全文论述自基础理论出发,层层递进,最终构建面向中国数字平台治理的制度蓝图。第一部分,从界定平台生态系统的基本内涵与结构特征出发,将其理解为以核心产品为中心、由多个互补市场共同组成的,具备协同互操作性的动态网络结构。该结构突破了传统市场界限,形成新的竞争单元,进而生成一种系统性支配力。平台生态系统垄断的形成是由系统性网络效应、共创资源私有化、跨市场优势传导、以及平台双重角色四项机制共同驱动。在平台生态系统下,核心平台引发的反竞争效应表现为链条式扩展。具体表现为,市场结构上,通过接口与规则构建排他性壁垒;竞争过程中,竞争由围绕质量和效率展开转向围绕平台规则展开;消费者层面,选择受限、定价不透明等问题削弱福利;在创新方面,核心平台通过锁定机制压制颠覆型创新,损害市场动态效率。基于此,本部分进一步将平台生态系统中的典型反竞争行为进行类型化分析,概括为接入控制、分配控制与扩张控制三种类型。第二部分,首先分析平台生态垄断导致现行反垄断机制在分析单位、权力识别与损害判断上的结构性失灵。继而从理论维度论证事前规制的正当性,明确其不同于传统行为控制的预防性理论定位,并界定其核心内涵。最后探讨其在平台生态环境下的可行性基础,认为事前规制在功能补充、载体触及与体系兼容上具备现实可操作性,为后续制度设计奠定规范前提。第三部分,通过比较法分析,系统梳理了欧盟、德国与中国的事前规制实践。欧盟《数字市场法案》代表清单式义务配置与身份认定路径,具有高可预期性但也存在过度类型化风险;德国《反限制竞争法》第19a条采取两阶段,平衡个案审查与规则明确性之间的张力;而中国现阶段则更侧重通过执法裁量与竞争结果进行规制,具有较强弹性。比较表明,模式选择的关键在于对象识别、义务配置与程序保障机制的协调性,而非单纯的规制强度。第四部分,明确选择在反垄断法框架内部完成制度升级。其一,肯定裁量主导模式的阶段合理性,同时指出其在规则可预期性、生态支配力识别与跨市场风险应对上的不足,主张转向规则化治理。其二,坚持体系内改造而非另立专门法,将前置识别、最低义务与可抗辩机制嵌入既有制度,并以比例性与透明度控制干预边界。其三,确立关键节点平台的评估标准,以关键瓶颈控制、规则生成与执行、强耦合传导能力识别关键节点平台。其四,完善可反驳推定,配置合理性抗辩与效率豁免,并形成以行为性救济为主、结构性救济为辅且可监督的工具组合。其五,通过启动门槛与分级处置、听证与理由说明、证据披露与跨部门协同,按先试点统一口径、再硬法化关键规则、后体系定型的节奏渐进推进,实现可持续的法治化竞争治理。

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学科:

经济法学

提交日期

2026-08-28

引用参考

杜幸妍. 平台生态系统垄断的事前规制研究[D]. 西南政法大学,2026.

全文附件授权许可

知识共享许可协议-署名

  • dc.title
  • 平台生态系统垄断的事前规制研究
  • dc.title
  • A Study on Ex Ante Regulation of Monopolisation in Platform Ecosystems
  • dc.contributor.schoolno
  • 20230301070927
  • dc.contributor.author
  • 杜幸妍
  • dc.contributor.affiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.contributor.degree
  • 硕士
  • dc.contributor.childdegree
  • 法学硕士学位
  • dc.contributor.degreeConferringInstitution
  • 西南政法大学
  • dc.identifier.year
  • 2026
  • dc.contributor.direction
  • 竞争法
  • dc.contributor.advisor
  • 杨文明
  • dc.contributor.advisorAffiliation
  • 经济法学院(生态法学院)
  • dc.language.iso
  • 中文
  • dc.subject
  • 平台经济,平台生态系统,生态支配力,反垄断,事前规制
  • dc.subject
  • platform economy; platform ecosystem monopoly; ecosystem-based dominance; antitrust; ex ante regulation
  • dc.description.abstract
  • 随着数字经济发展,平台企业由单一服务者转型为整合多边市场的平台生态系统核心。核心平台的竞争优势,也不再仅表现为单一相关市场的价格或市场份额,而更多在于对协同、接口开放和跨市场渗透中获取竞争优势,呈现可传导、可扩张和隐蔽性强等特征。以市场界定和事后处罚为主的传统反垄断机制,在识别对象、证明损害和干预时点上逐渐失效。这促使竞争法朝前置化的规制路径转型,以更好回应平台生态系统竞争问题。全文共分四个部分。第一部分为核心概念与问题提出,界定平台生态系统在竞争法中的分析地位,提出平台生态系统垄断的制度识别路径;第二部分分析平台生态垄断对既有竞争规制工具的冲击,论证引入事前治理的制度正当性与适配逻辑;第三部分从比较法角度考察主要法域的事前规制实践,并梳理三种典型制度模式;第四部分立足我国现实情况,提出本土化的事前规制设计方案,强化竞争法对平台生态系统垄断的应对能力。全文论述自基础理论出发,层层递进,最终构建面向中国数字平台治理的制度蓝图。第一部分,从界定平台生态系统的基本内涵与结构特征出发,将其理解为以核心产品为中心、由多个互补市场共同组成的,具备协同互操作性的动态网络结构。该结构突破了传统市场界限,形成新的竞争单元,进而生成一种系统性支配力。平台生态系统垄断的形成是由系统性网络效应、共创资源私有化、跨市场优势传导、以及平台双重角色四项机制共同驱动。在平台生态系统下,核心平台引发的反竞争效应表现为链条式扩展。具体表现为,市场结构上,通过接口与规则构建排他性壁垒;竞争过程中,竞争由围绕质量和效率展开转向围绕平台规则展开;消费者层面,选择受限、定价不透明等问题削弱福利;在创新方面,核心平台通过锁定机制压制颠覆型创新,损害市场动态效率。基于此,本部分进一步将平台生态系统中的典型反竞争行为进行类型化分析,概括为接入控制、分配控制与扩张控制三种类型。第二部分,首先分析平台生态垄断导致现行反垄断机制在分析单位、权力识别与损害判断上的结构性失灵。继而从理论维度论证事前规制的正当性,明确其不同于传统行为控制的预防性理论定位,并界定其核心内涵。最后探讨其在平台生态环境下的可行性基础,认为事前规制在功能补充、载体触及与体系兼容上具备现实可操作性,为后续制度设计奠定规范前提。第三部分,通过比较法分析,系统梳理了欧盟、德国与中国的事前规制实践。欧盟《数字市场法案》代表清单式义务配置与身份认定路径,具有高可预期性但也存在过度类型化风险;德国《反限制竞争法》第19a条采取两阶段,平衡个案审查与规则明确性之间的张力;而中国现阶段则更侧重通过执法裁量与竞争结果进行规制,具有较强弹性。比较表明,模式选择的关键在于对象识别、义务配置与程序保障机制的协调性,而非单纯的规制强度。第四部分,明确选择在反垄断法框架内部完成制度升级。其一,肯定裁量主导模式的阶段合理性,同时指出其在规则可预期性、生态支配力识别与跨市场风险应对上的不足,主张转向规则化治理。其二,坚持体系内改造而非另立专门法,将前置识别、最低义务与可抗辩机制嵌入既有制度,并以比例性与透明度控制干预边界。其三,确立关键节点平台的评估标准,以关键瓶颈控制、规则生成与执行、强耦合传导能力识别关键节点平台。其四,完善可反驳推定,配置合理性抗辩与效率豁免,并形成以行为性救济为主、结构性救济为辅且可监督的工具组合。其五,通过启动门槛与分级处置、听证与理由说明、证据披露与跨部门协同,按先试点统一口径、再硬法化关键规则、后体系定型的节奏渐进推进,实现可持续的法治化竞争治理。
  • dc.description.abstract
  • With the development of the digital economy, platform enterprises have evolved from single-service providers into orchestrators of platform system integrating multi-side markets. Their competitive advantage is no longer reflected merely in price or market share within a single relevant market, but increasingly lies in the advantages they derive from coordination, interface openness, and cross-market penetration. Such advantages are transferable, expansive, and often difficult to detect. As a result, traditional antitrust mechanisms centered on relevant market definition and ex post sanctions have gradually become ineffective in identifying regulatory targets, proving harm, and intervening at the appropriate time. This has prompted competition law to move toward an ex ante regulatory path in order to better address competition problems arising from platform ecosystems.This study is divided into four parts. The first part sets out the core concepts and research question by clarifying the analytical position of platform ecosystems in competition law and proposing an institutional path for identifying ecosystem-based monopolization. The second part systematically examines the challenges that platform ecosystem monopolization poses to existing competition law tools, and explains the institutional justification and adaptive logic for introducing ex ante regulation. The third part investigates ex ante regulatory practices in major jurisdictions from a comparative law perspective and identifies three typical institutional models. The fourth part, grounded in China’s reality, proposes a localized ex ante regulatory scheme designed to strengthen the capacity of competition law to respond to ecosystem-based monopolization in an embedded manner. Starting from basic theory and proceeding step by step, the study ultimately develops an institutional blueprint for the governance of digital platforms in China.The first part begins by defining the basic connotation and structural features of the platform ecosystem. It understands the platform ecosystem as a dynamic network structure centered on a core product and composed of multiple complementary markets with collaborative interoperability. This structure transcends traditional market boundaries, forms a new unit of competition, and gives rise to a kind of systemic dominance. The formation of platform ecosystem monopolization is driven by four mechanisms: systemic network effects, the privatization of co-created resources, the transmission of advantages across markets, and the platform’s dual role. Within platform ecosystems, the anti-competitive effects generated by core platforms expand in a cascading manner. Specifically, at the level of market structure, platforms create exclusionary barriers through interfaces and rules; in the competitive process, competition shifts from one centered on quality and efficiency to one centered on platform rules; at the consumer level, restricted choice and opaque pricing undermine welfare; and in terms of innovation, core platforms suppress disruptive innovation through lock-in mechanisms and damage the dynamic efficiency of the market. On this basis, the first part further classifies the typical anti-competitive practices found in platform ecosystems into three categories: access control, distribution control, and expansion control.The second part first analyzes how platform ecosystem monopolization leads to structural failure in the current antitrust framework with respect to the unit of analysis, the identification of power, and the assessment of harm. It then explains, from a theoretical perspective, the justification for ex ante regulation, clarifies its preventive orientation as distinct from traditional conduct control, and defines its core connotations. Finally, it examines the basis for the feasibility of ex ante regulation in the platform ecosystem context, arguing that such regulation is realistically workable in terms of functional supplementation, regulatory reach, and systemic compatibility, thereby laying the normative groundwork for subsequent institutional design.The third part systematically reviews the ex ante regulatory practices of the European Union, Germany, and China through comparative analysis. The European Union’s Digital Markets Act represents a model based on status designation and listed obligations. It offers a high degree of predictability, but also carries the risk of excessive typification. Section 19a of Germany’s Act Against Restraints of Competition adopts a two-stage approach that balances case-by-case review with the need for clear rules. By contrast, China at its current stage places greater emphasis on regulation through enforcement discretion and competitive outcomes, which gives it a relatively high degree of flexibility. The comparison shows that the key to model selection lies in the coordination among target identification, obligation allocation, and procedural safeguards, rather than in regulatory intensity alone.The fourth part argues that institutional upgrading should be carried out within the framework of the Anti-Monopoly Law. First, it recognizes the stage-specific reasonableness of a discretion-led approach, while also pointing out its limits in terms of rule predictability, the identification of ecosystem-based dominance, and the handling of cross-market risks, and therefore calls for a shift toward more rule-based governance. Second, rather than creating a separate statute, it favors reform from within the existing legal framework by embedding ex ante identification, baseline obligations, and rebuttal mechanisms into current institutions, while using proportionality and transparency to keep intervention within proper bounds. Third, it sets out criteria for identifying key nodal platforms, focusing on control over critical bottlenecks, the generation and enforcement of rules, and a strong capacity to transmit influence across closely connected markets. Fourth, it refines rebuttable presumptions, provides for reasonableness defenses and efficiency exemptions, and develops a remedial toolkit centered on behavioral remedies, supplemented by structural remedies, and subject to ongoing oversight. Fifth, through trigger thresholds and tiered responses, hearings and reason-giving, evidence disclosure, and cross-agency coordination, it proposes a gradual path—first piloting mechanisms and harmonizing enforcement standards, then codifying key rules, and finally consolidating the overall framework—in order to achieve sustainable competition governance under the rule of law.
  • dc.date.issued
  • 2026-06-04
  • dc.date.oralDefense
  • 2026-05-16
  • dc.relation.citedreferences
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